Kutheni isomiso Siyinto enkulu kakhulu yokutshintsha kwemozulu ngokuxhalabisa abantu abaninzi baseMelika
Inkcazo yesomiso ihluka ukusuka kwindawo ukuya endaweni.
Ngokomzekelo, iintsuku ezithandathu kuphela ngaphandle kwemvula, isomiso eB Bali. Ekubeni isomiso sichaphazeleka kakhulu ukusuka kwindawo ukuya endaweni, akukho mfanekiso ocacileyo ochaza isomiso. Kunoko, izazinzulu zilinganisa njengokuphambuka kwemvula. Basebenzisa iminyaka engama-30 edlulileyo yemvula ukudala umyinge.
Iingcali zenzululwazi zilingana nesomiso ngeNkcazo yeNkathazo yeSomile. Izimo zemozulu eziqhelekileyo ziyahluka phakathi kwe-+0.5 (emanzi) -0.5 (eyomile). Ukufunda ngaphantsi -0.4 kubonisa isomiso. Izifundo ezantsi apha -0.6 ziqabile.
Imbalela kunye noTshintsho lwemozulu
Imbalela yintsholongwane enkulu yemozulu yabantu . Uphando lwePew Research lufumene ukuba ama-50 ekhulwini aseMerika athi isomiso sibachaphazela kakhulu. Ngo-2012, ama-80 engama-80 e-United States anemeko ebomileyo ngokungaqhelekanga.
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kwenza njani isomiso esinzulu? Umjikelezo onobungozi. Ukushisa kwegesi yokutshisa ukutshisa umsila, kubangele ukunyuka kwamaqondo okushisa.
Umoya oshisayo uthatha umswakama obuninzi, obangela imvula encinane. I-airter hotter yandisa ukwanda kwamachibi kunye nemilambo, ukunciphisa imithombo yamanzi. Ukunciphisa imvula ibulala izityalo ngokuqhelekileyo zigcina umswakama emhlabathini, ezikhokelela kwiimeko ezinzima.
Ngelishwa, ukoma kunokwandisa amathuba okuba ezinye iintlekele zemvelo.
Xa ithola imvula, amanzi aphephe ngaphandle kokungena kwitafile zamanzi. Ekubeni isomiso sabulala isityalo, akukho zimpande zokugcina imvula. Lo mkhuhlane udala izikhukula ezininzi kunye nezihlandlo ezininzi. Imifuno efile, umoya ofudumalayo kunye nokunciphisa imvula kwandisa ukwanda kunye nobunzima beentlanzi.
Izabelo zaseCalifornia eziNyukayo, izityalo, kunye namaNut
Ukususela ngo-2011 ukuya ku-2016, eCalifornia yabona isomiso sayo esibi kunazo zonke ukususela ngo-1850. I-NOAA yeSomile Task Force yathi ukutshintsha kwemozulu akuzange kubangele isomiso, kodwa kwadala ukushisa okuphezulu okwenza kube nzima. Inkomfa iphelile ngemvula yamanzi ngoFebhuwari 2017. Umbalela waseMzantsi California wabuye wabuya ngowama-2018. Wayekhokelela kwi-wildfire e-Santa Barbara.
ICalifornia ivelisa ezibini kwisithathu seziqhamo neentonga zeentlanga, kunye neyesithathu semifuno yayo. Urhulumente uvelisa zonke ii-almonds ezikhulile zase-US, i-artichokes, i-lemons kunye ne-pistachios. Nguye umthengisi wesihlanu omkhulu kunazo zonke zokutya. Umhlaba kunye nesimo sezulu kulungile, kodwa ukubonelelwa kwamanzi akukhona. Ukunkcenkceshela kusetyenziswa iipesenti ezingama-41 zamanzi karhulumente. Ngo-2014, iindleko zokunkcenkceshela zaphumela kumaxabiso aphezulu kwiintlobo, izityalo kunye neentonga.
Ixabiso lezithelo laphakama ngama-4,8 ekhulwini.
Imvula yaseCalifornia yabiza u-R3.2 billion ngonyaka we-2016. Amafama angama-17,000 alahlekelwa yimisebenzi ngo-2014.
Ucwaningo lwango-2017 lubonise ukuba isomfa kunye nezinye iinguqulelo zemozulu ziza kwenza isigqibo seCallin Valley kwiCentral Valley asisakwazi ukuvelisa izityalo ezifana nama-apricot, iiperesi, i-plums kunye ne-walnuts ngo-2150. Oku kuya kufikelela kuma-90 ekhulwini ngo-2100.
I-Midwest Krought Increased Beef Price
Ngo-2012, iPlains Great Plains yafumana isityalo esibi kunazo zonke ukususela ngo-1895. Kwakubi kakhulu kunamaqabunga ahamba phambili e-1930s. Yongezwa kwisiza so-2010-11 esihluphekayo kwiiNxweme eziMzantsi. Amanqanaba emimoya ahlulekile ukuzisa umswakama wexesha elivela kwiGulf of Mexico. Umoya owomileyo wadala amaza okushisa. Umvuno wemivuno wawuphantsi kweepesenti ezingama-26, phantse zimbi njengama-1930.
ISebe lezoLimo lase-United States livakalise inhlekelele engokwemvelo kwiingingqi ezingaphezulu kwama-2,245 ezithwele iipesenti ezingama-71 zelizwe.
I-Army Corps yeenjini ze-US kufuneka yomeleze inxalenye yoMlambo waseMississippi ngeenyawo ezimbini. Isomiso sanciphise umgangatho wamanzi kangangokuba kwakungekho mfuneko yokufunwa kweenyawo ezilisithoba.
Isomiso sabuna izityalo entsimini. Ngenxa yoko, abalimi babefanele baxhele imfuyo eyabiza kakhulu ukunyusa. Ngama-2013, amaxabiso enkomo nama-veal aphakama ama- 2.0 ekhulwini. Imifuno emitsha iphakama 4.7 ekhulwini. Ngomnyaka we-2014, isomiso eMidwest iqhube amaxabiso enkomo enama-12.1 ekhulwini. Ngama-2015, amaxabiso enkomo kunye ne-veal aphakama ngama-7.2 ekhulwini ngenxa yesomiso e-Texas nase-Oklahoma.
Ngowe-1930 isomiso sabulungisa ukuCaluleka
Isomiso se- Dust Bowl sagqitha eMidwest kuma-1930. Kwakubangelwa ukutshintsha iphethini yemozulu phezu kwezilwandle zombini. IPacific yakhula ipholile xa iAtlantic yaba lifudumele. Olu dibana lushintshile isikhokelo somlambo we-jet. Lo moya okhoyo ngokuqhelekileyo uthwala umswakama ukusuka kwiGulf of Mexico ukuya kwiiNtlambo eziMkhulu, imvula yokulahla xa ifikelela kwiiRockies. Xa umlambo we-jet uhambela ngasemzantsi, imvula yayingazange ifike kwiiLwandle eziLwandle.
Iifama eziqhelekileyo zokulima zaguqula isomiso kwiDust Bowl. Abalimi balima ama-acre angama-5.2 yezigidi zeengcambu ezincinci, ezinokumelana neenkomfa ezazisetyenziswa ukugcina umswakama emhlabathini. Xa isomiso sabulala izityalo ezingenalimi eziqingqiweyo zamafama, imimoya ephezulu yavuthela phezulu. Ukungcola kwawa phezu kwayo yonke into, kwada kwambesa izindlu. Yayifaka imfuyo kwaye yabanika abantwana imiphunga yomoya. Imimoya yavuthela uthuli yonke indlela eya eWashington, DC
Inkomfa kunye nothuli bachithe inxalenye enkulu yemveliso yezolimo yase-US. Ezinye iindawo zaseMidwest zikaze zabuyiselwe. I-Dust Bowl yenza ukuba ukunyamezeka okukhulu kukubi nakakhulu.
I-Dust Bowl inokwenzeka kwakhona. I-Agribusiness ixuba amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kwi-Ogallala Aquifer amaxesha asibhozo ngokukhawuleza kunokuba imvula ibuyiselwe. I-Aquifer isuka eMzantsi Dakota ukuya eTexas. Unika iipesenti ezingama-30 zesizwe sokunkcenkceshela kwamanzi. Kwizinga langoku lokusetyenziswa, liya kuma phakathi kwekhulu leminyaka. Icandelo le-Texas Panhandle sele selisebenza lome. Izazinzulu zithi ziza kuthatha iminyaka engama-6 000 ukuze imvula izalise i-aquifer. Le ndawo ihlala kwikhiqizi ye-20-billion-year-year ekhulayo enye yesihlanu ye-ngqolowa yase-US, ingqolowa, nenkomo yenkomo.
Okumangalisayo kukuba, i- New Deal inkxaso yezolimo iyingxenye yoxanduva lokukhupha i-Ogallala Aquifer. Bancedisa abalimi abancinci ukuba bahlale kwilizwe ngomnyaka we-Dust Bowl. Ngoku, bahlawula iifama ezinxulumene nale ndawo. Ingqolowa yokutya kweenkomo iyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu, iyancipha ama-40 ekhulwini kwenkomo yenkomo edla ukudla okuziinkozo. Abalimi beCotton baseTexas bafumana iibhiliyoni ezingama-3 ngonyaka kunyxaso-mali. Baxhuma amanzi kwi-Aquifer ukuze bakhule ukotini othunyelwa eChina , apho kwenziwa kwintsimbi ephantsi esithengiswa kwiivenkile zaseMelika. Ezinye inkxaso zikhuthaza abalimi ukuba bakhulise ingqolowa ye- ethanol biofuel. Inani leendawo zokuvelisa i-ethanol kwiNgingqi ephakamileyo yamaThafa liphindwe kabini. Ekuphenduleni, abalimi banda ukwanda kwemveliso yengqolowa, bachitha ezinye iililiyoni eziligidi ezili-120 ngonyaka.
Imbalela kunye neNqabileyo
Ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaqondo okushisa, ukushisa okufutshane, kunye nokufudumala kwemvula, ukutshona kweentshonalanga zomlilo zase-United States kuye kwanda ngamaphesenti angama-400 ukususela ngo-1970. Ukuphazamiseka kwemifucumfucu yenzekile kwiminyaka yamuva kwiindawo ezinjengeCalifornia, eColorado, eArizona, naseNew Mexico.
Inkomfa kunye neMibutho yeMpuma Mpuma
Olunye uphando olutshanje lwe-NASA lubonakalise ukuba isomiso esichaphazela kummandla waseMedithera Levant ukususela ngo-1998 mhlawumbi kuwona mkhulu kuneminyaka engama-900 edluleyo.
Ukususela ngo-2006 ukuya ku-2011, iSiriya ihlupheke ngenxa yenkomfa eyingozi ekutshintshisweni kwemozulu. Yashiya amaSiriya amabini amabini njengoko abalimi beya kwiidolophu. Yanceda ekwakheni imfazwe yoluntu kwaye yathumela amawaka efudukela eYurophu.
Imbalela kunye nokufudukela kwamanye amazwe
UMntla Afrika kunye neSahel, iqela lefama eliseningizimu yeSahara, bafumana nesomiso. Inqanawa yaseSahara iya kwenyuka ukuya eSudan naseThadi. Ababaleki abavela kuloo mihlaba basondele kwizithende zokufuduka kweSiriya kunye ne-Afghan ukuya eYurophu.
Umbalela usongela abantu abayizigidi eziyi-88 baseMexico City, eMexico .Iipompo zedolophu
Ngo-2014, isomiso eGuatemala sakha iimeko zokutya kwekhofi. Le fungus ikhula kumaqondo atshisayo aphezulu, atyhafaza izityalo ezifana nezihlahla zasofi. Indawo yalahleka i-50-90 ekhulwini yezityalo zayo. Ngenxa yoko, abantu abayizigidi eziyi-3.5 bafuna uncedo lwabantu beZizwe eziManyeneyo. Phakathi ko-Oktobha 215 noSeptemba 2016, i-Customs and Border Patrol yase-US yabamba ama-75,000 aseGuatemal. Ngo-2010, uPatrol wayemane nje ngama-17,000.
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kusongela iintlobo zekhofi ukusuka e-Uganda ukuya e-El Salvador ukuya eVietnam. Isongela imboni ye-19-billion-year-year kunye nabantu abayizigidi ezili-125 abaxhomekeke kuyo.
Ngomlambo
Ukuba ukutshintsha kwemozulu kungabanjwanga, iUnited States iya kuba yimbi kakhulu ngo-2030. I-Midwest iya kwehla -0.2 kunye -0.4 kwisikali seMela. Kwiminyaka engama-80, indawo ye-United States, iMeditera, kunye ne-Afrika iya kuba nesomiso esinzima, ukusuka -0.4 ukuya ku -0.10 kwinqanaba.
Ngo-2050, i-America yeMzantsi-mpuma kunye neeLwandle eziMkhulu ziza kuba namava. Izalela ziza kuqhubeka iminyaka engama-50, ngokweengcali zenzululwazi yaseYunivesithi yaseConell. Kuya kufana nesomiso esenzeka kuloo mmandla ngexesha le-12 neye-13 leminyaka, kodwa iya kuba yenziwe ngabantu, ngenxa yokufudumala kwehlabathi .
Iisombululo kwiNkoma
Imigaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente inokusombulula ingxaki yenkomfa yexeshana. Okokuqala, imigaqo-mali yokuxhasa inkxaso-mali eyomeleza izityalo ezinxaniweyo ezifana nekotoni. Endaweni yoko, uxhasane nenkxaso kwizityalo ezinjengeepayari. Okwesibini, khuthaza imigaqo egcina amanzi. Ezi zibandakanya ukuhlaziywa kwamanzi okutshabalalisa, ukuhlaselwa kweentlango, kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza eziphantsi.
Urhulumente kufuneka amise ukutshintsha kwemozulu ukulungisa isomiso kwixesha elide. Iintlanga kufuneka zinciphise inani lemithombo yegesi ekhulayo ephuma emoyeni. Xa oko kwenziwa, ukuhweba kwekhabhoni yokukhupha iyakhuthaza amashishini ukuba alandele kwi-cap. Ierhafu yekhabhoni ingabahlwaya xa bengenalo.