Ngaba Ukuthengiswa Kwemveliso yeCarbon ingaba yi-Bitcoin entsha?
Oorhulumente bahambisa inani eligqibeleleyo le-CO2 "credits" kwiinkampani. Leyo yi "cap" inxenye. Ezi nkampani zinokukhuphela kuphela i-CO2 njengoko zifumana iikhredithi. Abo bangaphantsi kwemida yabo ye-CO2 bangathengisa iikhredithi kwiinkampani ezigqithise umda. Leyo yinxalenye "yorhweba".
Injongo kukunciphisa ukufudumala kwehlabathi . Amashishini, njengamalungiselelo, ngabathengisi abakhulu. Batshisa amalahle kunye nezinye iibhasili ezikhupha i-carbon dioxide emoyeni.
Oku kwenzeka njani? I-International Agencies Agency yancoma ukuba akukho ngaphaya kweyesithathu kwiindawo zokugcina ii-fossil ezitshiswayo ziza kutshiswa ngo-2050. Ukuba ezinye zitshiswa, i-CO2 iya kutshisa umoya kwizinga eliyingozi lika-2 degrees Celsius ngaphezulu kwamazinga angaphambili kumashishini.
Izazinzulu ziyavuma ukuba ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu esiphumela kubangela ukukhukula, isomlo kunye neziphepho. (Umthombo: "I-Bubble Coming Asset Bubble", i-Wall Street Journal, ngo-Oktobha 30, 2013.)
I-Cap kunye neRhwebo yenza Ukuthengiswa kweCarbon kunokwenzeka
Ukuthengiswa kwe-Carbon ukukhishwa kwamashishini kwamnceda xa i-European Union yaqalisa inkqubo kunye ne-yorhwebo kwinkqubo ngo-2005. Oku kufaka i-cap kwixabiso le-CO2 elinezimboni ezinzima kunye nezibonelelo ezikhuphayo.
Ikhefu kufuneka ibe nezantsi ngokwaneleyo ukwenzela ukuba iyancitshiswe imithombo yegesi efakile ebangela ukufudumala kwehlabathi.
Ukuba i-cap isezantsi, ngoko kuya kwenza iindleko zokwenza ibhizinisi kakhulu, kunye nokukhula kancinci kwezoqoqosho. Ukuba i-cap iphakamileyo kakhulu, ngoko ayiyi kuba nefuthe kwizinga lokufudumala kwehlabathi.
NgoNovemba ka-2017, i-EU inciphise i-carbon cap nge-2.2 ekhulwini ngonyaka ukuya ku-2030. Inkunzi yayingu-1,74 pesenti ngonyaka. Injongo yesikhokelo kukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ngamaphesenti angama-43 ngo-2030.
Ichaphazela i-11,000 yamandla kunye nezitshini zoshishino.
I-Market Trading Trading
Imarike yokuthengiswa kwekhabhoni yayiyi-$ 176 yezigidigidi ngonyaka ka-2011. Ingadlula i-dollar 1 trillion ngo-2020. Iyakhupha imveliso yeyiphi na inkampani ekwenza ishishini kwi-EU. (Umthombo: "Iimakethe zeCarbon ezikhoyo kunye noCwangcisiweyo," u-Ernst & Young.)
Ngomhla ka-2017, akukho ntetho kunye neenkqubo zorhwebo eMelika, nangona zizame ezithile kumthetho. Amanye amazwe akwenza iimarike zawo. Njengengxenye yeZizwe eziManyeneyo kwiNgqungquthela yoTshintsho lwemozulu, onke amazwe ayavuma kwi-Platform yase-Durban ngo-2011. Le nto yathi baya kuxoxa ngeenkcukacha ze-cap global and business program ngo-2015. (Imithombo: "Ikusasa leMakethe yeCarbon Global , "Ernst & Young," Yeyona Gesi! "Imali Yomhlaba Wonke, ngoJulayi 2008.)
Ulwabiwo Msebenzi
Ikhefu ivumela inkampani nganye ukuba ikhuphe inani elithile le-CO2. Imiba ye-EU malunga neebhiliyoni ezimbini zezibonelelo zeManyano Yurophu ngonyaka. Ukuthobela igunya le-EU, iinkampani zinokuthi:
1. Thatha amanyathelo okukhupha kuphela oko avunyelwe.
2. Ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwazo ngaphantsi kwexabiso elivunyelweyo kwaye uthengise okanye ibhanki i-EUA eyongezelelweyo.
3. Qhubeka ukuhambisa ngaphezulu kwesibonelelo sabo kwaye uthenge ii-EUA kwindawo yokuthengisa ukuze uyigubungele.
Iimpawu zokunciphisa i-Carbon Emission Reductions
Iikhredithi zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa okuqinisekisiweyo nazo zithengiswa. Ezi zadalwa yiProtocol yaseKyoto. Zizikhredithi ezikhishwe kwiiprojekthi kumazwe asathuthuka ayanciphisa ukukhutshwa.
Kukho iikredishithi zokukhishwa kwegesi lokushisa, ezithe zazingcolisa ngaphezu kwe CO2 kuphela. Bakwazi ukuzalisa iifenethi ezithile kwilizwe lase-United States, e-UK, Canada, eNew Zealand naseJapan .
Ngaba i-Carbon Emissions iFomu entsha yeMali?
Ukukwazi ukuthenga nokuthengisa ii-EUAs, i-CER kunye namanye amaqumrhu kwiimakethe ezithengiswa ngokukhululekile zenzele uhlobo olutsha "lwemali." Abahwebi ababandakanyi nje kuphela ama-emitters ngokwabo kodwa kunye neebhanki , i- hedge funds kunye nabanye abatyali-mali. Banikezela ngexabiso kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kweemarike. Iyunithi yokuthengiswa kwekhabhoni ilingana nokunciphisa itani enye ye-carbon dioxide okanye ilingana nayo kwezinye iindleko zokushisa.
(Umthombo: iwebhusayithi ye-Cantor CO2.)
Iingcamango zemarike ezithengiswayo esekelwe kwinto efana nembono nje ithatha ukuthengisa kumgangatho omtsha. Nangona ixabiso le-secured-backed secured security away from its assets, ungayifumana kwakhona into ebonakalayo: mboleko eyenziwa yibhanki kumntu onendlu. Iifom zeemali ezikhulayo zikhula. Inkathazo yezezimali ka-2008 yenziwe ngeentlobo ezintsha zeemveliso. Ixabiso lale mibopheleleko yetyala kunye ne- MBS yanda kakhulu ngaphaya kwezinto ezinzima ezibekwe kuzo. Ukudala iifomu ezintsha zemali kuya kuqhubeka.
Ngandlela-thile, ukuthengiswa kwekhabhoni yindlela entsha yemali. Ixabiso le-EUAs, ii-CER kunye nezinto ezinjalo ziyakulandelwa emva koko kwigesi engenambala, engenasiphelo. Kodwa ixabiso lemali elinikezelwe kwiyunithi yeli gesi lusekelwe kumonakalo omkhulu ongakwenza ngayo iinkqubo zemozulu ezichaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi bethu Njengegolide, kodwa ngokungafani nendlu, ayinayo "incedo" kunokuba ityala lithetha ntoni. Kodwa ixabiso lemarike alizange linikeze loo xabiso ngokukhawuleza. Kwabelwe ukujongana nesongelo ekuzinzileyo nasekukhuselekeni kobomi emhlabeni.