Iimpahla zeMbali zeGolide eMbusweni wamaRoma, iGreat Britain kunye ne-United States
UBukumkani bamaRoma
KwiRoma yasendulo, uMlawuli uAgasto (30 BC-14 AD) wabeka ixabiso legolide kwiimali ezingama-45 kwiipounds.
Ngamanye amazwi, ipondo yegolide ingenza i-45 zemali. Ukuhlaziywa okulandelayo kwenzeka ngexesha lolawulo lukaMarcus Aurelius Antoninus (211-217 AD). Wahlamba ixabiso ukuya kuma-50 yeengqekembe kwipondo yegolide, okwenza uhlamvu lwemali nganye lube luxabiso elingaphantsi kunye nexabiso legolide elixabisekileyo. UDiocletian (284-305 AD) eyongezelelekileyo igolide eya ku-60, ngoko uKonstantine Omkhulu (306-337 AD) wanciphisa ukuya ku-70. Benza oku ukuxhasa impi ukuze bahlale emandleni. Kwakhona zandisa iirhafu.
Laba babusi banciphisa ixabiso leemali kangangokuba lidala i- hyperinflation . Ukukunika ingcamango, ngo-301 AD, enye ipiliti yegolide yayifanele iidenarii ezingama-50 000 (enye imali esekelwe kwisilivere). Ngama-337 bekufanele i-denarii yezigidi ezingama-20. Njengoko ixabiso legolide laphakama, kwanjalo intengo yezinto zonke. Abantu abaphakathi kwamabanga aphakathi abakwazi ukufumana iimfuno zabo zemihla ngemihla. Esona sizathu sokuba uMbuso wamaRoma waqala ukunyuka. (Umthombo: "Ixabiso lemali kunye nokuwa kobukhosi baseRoma," uLudwig von Mises Institute, Septemba 7, 2009.
NS Gill, "Ixesha loBukumkani baseRoma.")
Igreat britain
Ngo-1257, iGreat Britain yabekwa ixabiso lentsimbi kwi-£ .89. Yayiphakamisa intengo nge-£ 1 nganye inkulungwane, ngale ndlela ilandelayo:
- 1351 - £ 1.34
- 1465 - £ 2.01
- 1546 - £ 3.02
- 1664 - £ 4.05
- 1717 - £ 4.25
Kwiminyaka ye-1800, amaninzi amazwe ashicilelwe kwiimali zephepha ezixhaswe yixabiso kwigolide .
Oku kwaziwa ngokuba ngumgangatho wegolide . Amazwe agcinwe ngokwaneleyo iimpahla zegolide ukuxhasa eli xabiso. Ngaphezulu, yibona iMbali yeGold Standard .
I-Great Britain yayigcina igolide kwi-£ 4.25 ngehora ukuya ku- 1944 Isivumelwano seBretton-Woods . Yilapho amazwe amaninzi athuthukile avumile ukulungisa iirhafu zawo kwiDola lase-United States ukususela eUnited States ephethe iipesenti ezingama-75 zegolide zehlabathi. Ngexabiso legolide ngonyaka, iya kwixabiso leGold, 1257-Present.
eunited States
I-United States isebenzisa umgangatho wegolide waseBrithani kwaze kwaba ngo-1791 xa ibeka ixabiso legolide kwi-19.49. Ngowe-1834, wawuphakamisa kwi $ 20.69. Umthetho we-Gold Standard we-1900 wehlisa i-$ 20.67. Kwakhona kwakha igolide, endaweni yesiliva, njengeyodwa yensimbi eyayixhasa imali yamaphepha.
Ukukhuselwa kwexabiso legolide kwandinceda kubangelwa ukuCaluleka okukhulu . Ukunyuka kwemali kwaqala ngo-Agasti 1929, emva kokuba i- Federal Reserve iphakanyise amaxabiso enzala ngo-1928. Emva ko- 1929 ukuhlaselwa kwemarike yemasheya , abatyali-mali abaninzi baqalisa ukuhlawulela imali yamaphepha kwixabiso legolide. I- Treasury yase -United States ixhalabile ukuba iUnited States ingahle iphume ngegolide. Yabuza iFed ukuba iphakamise amazinga kwakhona. Oku kuya kwandisa inani le dollar kwaye ligcine lixabiseke ngakumbi kunegolide. Yasebenza ngo-1931.
Iirhafu zenzalo ephakamileyo zenza iimali mboleko kakhulu. Ukunyanzelisa iinkampani ezininzi ngaphandle kweshishini. Baye badala ukuchithwa , ekubeni idola elinamandla lingathengisa ngakumbi ngezantsi. Iinkampani zinciphisa iindleko zokugcina amanani aphantsi kwaye ahlale ekhuphisana. Oko kwandisa ngakumbi ukungabikho kwemisebenzi , ukuguqulwa kweemali kwilizwe.
Ngomnyaka we-1932, abaqapheli baphinde baphendukela imali yegolide. Njengoko ixabiso legolide laphakama, abantu babegubungela isinyithi esibalulekileyo. Baye bathumela amaxabiso phezulu. Ukuhlawulela ukuhlengwa kwegolide, uMongameli Roosevelt ubunikazi bokuzimela bucala begolide, i-bullion kunye nezatifikethi ngo-Ephreli 1933. Ama-America ayedinga ukuthengisa igolide yabo kwi- Fed .
Ngo-1934, iCongress yadlulisela uMthetho weGold Reserve. Inqatshelwe ubunini bebucala begolide e-United States. Kwakhona kwavumela uMongameli Roosevelt ukuba akhuphe ixabiso legolide ukuya kwi-$ 35 ngeyure.
Oku kunciphisa ixabiso lentela, ukudala ukunyuka kwamaxabiso empilo. (Umthombo: uLawrence H. Officer kunye noSamuel H. Williamson, "Ixabiso leGolide, 1257-Okwangoku," Ukulinganisa okufanelekileyo, ngo-2013. "Umgaqo wegolide kwi-1930," FEE.org,)
Ngomnyaka we-1937, i-FDR inqumle ukusetyenziswa kwemali karhulumente ukwenzela ukunciphisa ilahleko. Oku kwalawula ukuxhomekeka. Ngaloo xesha, urhulumente ubeke igolide ngokuphindwe kabini ukuya kwiizigidi ezili-12 zeebhiliyoni. Kwakuqhutywe kwi-Bullion Reserves e-Fort Knox, eKentucky nase-Federal Reserve Bank yaseNew York. (Umthombo: U-Ahamed, uLiaquat. Iingxowa-mali zeeMali: Abanini-bhanki abaye bawachitha umhlaba , 2009)
Ngowe-1939, i-FDR yandise imali yokukhusela ukulungiselela iMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Uqoqosho lwandisiwe. Ngelo xesha, isomiso seDust Bowl saphela. Ukuhlanganisana kwagqitywa kweNgcuduko enkulu.
Ngowe-1944, amagunya amakhulu axoxisana ngesivumelwano seBretton-Woods. Oku kwenza idoli yaseMelika imali yelizwe elisemthethweni .Uninzi waseMelika wavikela ixabiso legolide kwi-$ 35 ngeyure.
Ngomnyaka we-1971, uMongameli uNixon watshela iFed ukuba ayeke ukuhlonipha ixabiso leli dola ngegolide. Oku kuthetha ukuba iibhanki eziphakathi kwamanye amazwe azikwazi ukutshintshisa iidola zabo kwi-golide ye-US, ngokuyithatha ukuthatha idola ngokumgangatho wegolide. I-Nixon yayizama ukuphelisa i- stagflation , ukudibanisa kwe- inflation kunye ne-economy. Kodwa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kwabangelwa ngamandla okunyuka kwedoli , njengoko kwakuthathe indawo yaseBrithani njengemali yehlabathi jikelele.
I-Nixon yazama ukuchasisa ixabiso le dolali ngegolide, ngokulinganisa i-1/38 ye-ounce yegolide, ibe yi-1/42 yeeyunithi. Ngowe-1976, uNixon washiya ngokusemthethweni umgangatho wegolide ngokupheleleyo. Unqunywe kwi-dollar, igolide ngokukhawuleza idutshulwa ukuya kuma-dollar ayi-120 ngeeyunithi.
Ngama-1980, abathengisi babethe ixabiso legolide ukuya kwii-594.92 zamawaka njengombutho olwa nexabiso lokunyuka kwamanani. I-Fed yaphelisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ngamanani entengo ephindwe kabili kodwa yabangela ukunyuka kwemali. IGolide yehla kwi-410 yeeyunithi kwaye yahlala kuloo ntlobo yezohwebo kuze kube ngu-1996 xa ihla i-288 yeeyunithi ngokuphendula ngokukhula ngokukhula kwezoqoqosho. Kodwa abahwebi babuyela kuyo emva koxinzelelo lwezoqoqosho, njenge- 9/11 ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula kunye nokunciphisa umnotho we-2001 .
IGolide yadutshulwa ukuya kwii-869.75 zeeyure ngexesha leengxaki zemali ka - 2008 . Ixabiso lesigxina segolide libethe irekhodi elipheleleyo le-$ 1,895 ngoSeptemba 5, 2011, ekuphenduleni iingxakeko ezazisetyenziswa yi- US kwi-matyala . Ukususela ngoko, liye lawa, njengoko umnotho waseUnited States uye waphucula kwaye ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuhlala kusezantsi. Ukufumana okungakumbi kwizinto ezenza ukuba ixabiso legolide likhuphuke, jonga ukuba ndifanele ndithenge iGolide?
Ixabiso leGolide ngonyaka ngokuthelekiswa ne-Dow, i-Inflation kunye neSigaba seMigudu yoHlelo
| Unyaka | Ixabiso leGolide (London PM Fix) | Ukuvalwa kweDow (Dec 31) | Ixabiso lemali (Dec YOY) | Izinto ezichaphazela ixabiso leGolide |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1929 | $ 20.63 | 248.48 | 0.6% | Ukubuyisela. |
| 1930 | $ 20.65 | 164.58 | -6.4% | Deflation. |
| 1931 | $ 17.06 | 77.90 | -9.3% | Ukuxinezeleka |
| 1932 | $ 20.69 | 59.93 | -10.3% | Ukuxinezeleka |
| 1933 | $ 26.33 | 99.90 | 0.8% | FDR ithatha isikhundla. |
| 1934 | $ 34.69 | 104.04 | 1.5% | Ukwandiswa. UMthetho weGold Reserve. |
| 1935 | $ 34.84 | 144.13 | 3.0% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 1936 | $ 34.87 | 179.90 | 1.4% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 1937 | $ 34.79 | 120.85 | 2.9% | FDR uthinte imali. |
| 1938 | $ 34.85 | 154.76 | -2.8% | Ukwahlula kude kube nguJuni. |
| 1939 | $ 34.42 | 150.24 | 0% | Ukuphela kwesomiso. |
| 1940 | $ 33.85 | 131.13 | 0.7% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 1941 | $ 33.85 | 110.96 | 9.9% | I-US ingena kwiWWII. |
| 1942 | $ 33.85 | 119.40 | 9.0% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 1943 | $ 33.85 | 135.89 | 3.0% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 1944 | $ 33.85 | 152.32 | 2.3% | Isivumelwano seBretton-Woods. |
| 1945 | $ 34.71 | 192.91 | 2.2% | Ukubuya kwakhona kulandela iWWII. |
| 1946 | $ 34.71 | 177.20 | 18.1% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 1947 | $ 34.71 | 181.16 | 8.8% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 1948 | $ 34.71 | 177.30 | 3.0% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 1949 | $ 31.69 | 200.13 | -2.1% | Ukubuyisela. |
| - 1950 | $ 34.72 | 235.41 | 5.9% | Ukwandiswa. Imfazwe yaseKorea . |
| 1951 | $ 34.72 | 269.23 | 6.0% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 1952 | $ 34.60 | 291.90 | 0.8% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 1953 | $ 34.84 | 280.90 | 0.7% | I-Eisenhower iphetha iMfazwe yaseKorea. Ukubuyisela. |
| 1954 | $ 35.04 | 404.39 | -0.7% | Ulwahlulo luphela ngoMeyi. UDow ubuyela kwi-1929 ephezulu. |
| 1955 | $ 35.03 | 488.40 | 0.4% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 1956 | $ 34.99 | 499.47 | 3.0% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 1957 | $ 34.95 | 435.69 | 2.9% | Ukwandiswa kude kube ngu-Agasti. |
| 1958 | $ 35.10 | 583.65 | 1.8% | Ulwahlulo de kube ngu-Apreli. |
| 1959 | $ 35.10 | 679.36 | 1.7% | Ukwandiswa. Ukukhupha kuphakamisa izinga. |
| 1960 | $ 35.27 | 615.89 | 1.4% | Ukubuyisela. Ukutya kwezinga eliphantsi. |
| 1961 | $ 35.25 | 731.14 | 0.7% | JFK ithatha isikhundla. |
| 1962 | $ 35.23 | 652.10 | 1.3% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 1963 | $ 35.09 | 762.95 | 1.6% | LBJ ithatha isikhundla. |
| 1964 | $ 35.10 | 874.13 | 1.0% | I-Goldfinger ibonisa icebo lokulawula igolide laseFong Knox. |
| 1965 | $ 35.12 | 969.26 | 1.9% | IMfazwe yaseVietnam |
| 1966 | $ 35.13 | 785.69 | 3.5% | Ukwandiswa. Ukukhupha kuphakamisa izinga. |
| 1967 | $ 34.95 | 905.11 | 3.0% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 1968 | $ 38.69 | 943.75 | 4.7% | Ukwandiswa. Ukukhupha kuphakamisa izinga. |
| 1969 | $ 41.09 | 800.36 | 6.2% | U-Nixon wathatha isikhundla. Ukukhupha kuphakamisa izinga. |
| 1970 | $ 37.44 | 838.92 | 5.6% | Ukubuyisela. Ukutya kwezinga eliphantsi. |
| 1971 | $ 43.48 | 890.20 | 3.3% | Ukwandiswa. Ulawulo lwexabiso lomvuzo. |
| 1972 | $ 63.91 | 1020.02 | 3.4% | Ukwandiswa. Stagflation. |
| 1973 | $ 106.72 | 850.86 | 8.7% | Umgangatho weGolide uphela. |
| 1974 | $ 183.85 | 616.24 | 12.3% | Watergate. I-Ford ivumela ubunini bebucala begolide. |
| 1975 | $ 139.30 | 852.41 | 6.9% | Ukubuyisela kuphelile. Ukunyuka kwamasheya, igolide iyawa. |
| 1976 | $ 133.88 | 1004.65 | 4.9% | Ukwandiswa. Ukutya kwezinga eliphantsi. |
| 1977 | $ 160.45 | 831.17 | 6.7% | Ukwandiswa. UCarter uthatha isikhundla. |
| 1978 | $ 207.83 | 805.01 | 9.0% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 1979 | $ 455.08 | 838.71 | 13.3% | Umgaqo-nkqubo we-Fed we-stop-go ugqithisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. |
| 1980 | $ 594.92 | 963.99 | 12.5% | Igolide ixabisa i-$ 850 kwi-1/21. Abatyalomali bafuna ukhuseleko. |
| 1981 | $ 410.09 | 875.00 | 8.9% | IKhomishoni yeGold. |
| 1982 | $ 444.30 | 1,046.54 | 3.8% | Ukubuyisela kuphelile. Garn-St. Act Germain. |
| 1983 | $ 389.36 | 1,258.64 | 3.8% | Ukwandiswa. Reagan kwandisa imali. |
| 1984 | $ 320.14 | 1,211.57 | 3.9% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 1985 | $ 320.81 | 1,546.67 | 3.8% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 1986 | $ 391.23 | 1,895.95 | 1.1% | Ukwandiswa. Reagan tax cut. |
| 1987 | $ 486.31 | 1,938.83 | 4.4% | Ukwandiswa. NgoMvulo ngoMnyama . |
| 1988 | $ 418.49 | 2,168.57 | 4.4% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 1989 | $ 409.39 | 2,753.20 | 4.6% | Inkathazo ye-S & L. |
| 1990 | $ 378.16 | 2,633.66 | 6.1% | Ukubuyisela. |
| 1991 | $ 361.06 | 3,168.83 | 3.1% | Ukubuyisela kuphelile. |
| 1992 | $ 334.80 | 3,301.11 | 2.9% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 1993 | $ 383.35 | 3,754.09 | 2.7% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 1994 | $ 379.29 | 3,834.44 | 2.7% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 1995 | $ 387.44 | 5,117.12 | 2.5% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 1996 | $ 369.00 | 6,448.27 | 3.3% | Ukwandiswa. Abatyalomali bajika kwiimpahla. |
| 1997 | $ 288.74 | 7,908.25 | 1.7% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 1998 | $ 291.62 | 9,181.43 | 1.6% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 1999 | $ 282.37 | 11,497.12 | 2.7% | Ukwandiswa. Y2K uloyiko. |
| 2000 | $ 274.35 | 10,786.85 | 3.4% | Imarike ye-Stock iphakama ngo-Matshi. |
| 2001 | $ 276.50 | 10,021.5 | 1.6% | Ukubuyisela. 9/11. |
| 2002 | $ 347.20 | 8,341.63 | 2.4% | Ukwandiswa. Imarike yenkomo yegolide yonyaka we-9 iqala. |
| 2003 | $ 416.25 | 10,453.92 | 1.9% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 2004 | $ 435.60 | 10,783.01 | 3.3% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 2005 | $ 513.00 | 10,717.50 | 3.4% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 2006 | $ 632.00 | 12,463.15 | 2.5% | Ukwandiswa. |
| 2007 | $ 833.75 | 13,264.82 | 4.1% | I-Dow iphakame kwi-14,164.43. |
| 2008 | $ 869.75 | 8,776.39 | 0.1% | Ukubuyisela. |
| 2009 | $ 1,087.50 | 10,428.05 | 2.7% | Ukubuyisela kuphelile. IGolide ibetha i-$ 1,000 / oz kwi-2/20. |
| 2010 | $ 1,405.50 | 11,577.51 | 1.5% | U-Obamacare noDodd-Frank . |
| 2011 | $ 1,531.00 | 12,217.56 | 3.0% | Iingxaki zematyala . IGolide ibetha irekhodi i-$ 1,895 ngo-9/5. |
| 2012 | $ 1,657.60 | 13,104.14 | 1.7% | Ukwandiswa. IGolide iyawa. Amasheya akhula. |
| 2013 | $ 1,202.30 | 16,576.55 | 1.5% | |
| 2014 | $ 1,154.25 | 17,823.07 | 0.8% | I dollar eqinile . |
| 2015 | $ 1,061.00 | 17,425.03 | 0.7% | Igolide iwela kuma -1,050.60 kwi- 12/ 17. |
| 2016 | $ 1,150.90 | 19,762.60 | 2.1% | I dollar inobuthathaka. |
| 2017 | $ 1,302.50 | 24,719.22 | 2.1% |
Qaphela: Phakathi kowe-1929 ukuya ku-1969, isetyenziselwa ixabiso lentengo yegolide. Ngowe-1970, ukusetyenziswa kweendleko zenyanga zeDisemba zenzeke ngo-1920-1999. Usuku lokugqibela lweentsuku lweDisemba lusetyenziselwa u-2000.
Izixhobo zoLuhlu
- I-KITCO, ixabiso leGolide, 1833-Okwangoku
- USamuel H. Williamson, ixabiso lokuvalwa kwansuku zonke yeDow Jones Umyinge, 1885 ukuya kwangoku, ukulinganisaWorth, 2013
- Umlinganiselo wexabiso lemali eMelika ngonyaka
- Iimali zeMali zeNgxowa-mali
- Ukubuyisela Imbali
- Isikhokelo kwiNkulungwane yama-20
- I-NBER, i-Business Cycle Dates