Inyaniso Eyamangalisa Ngomngcipheko weMatyala eMelika
Inkxalabo yenene yamatyala yenzeka xa ilizwe lisemngciphekweni wokungahlangabezanisi neembopheleleko zalo. Isibonakaliso sokuqala xa ilizwe lifumanisa ukuba alikwazi ukufumana inzala ephantsi kubaboleki.
Ngoba? Abatyalomali bayaxhalaba ukuba ilizwe alikwazi ukuhlawulela iibhanki kwaye liya kuhlawula ityala layo . Oku kwenzeke e- Iceland , ukuyiphonsa kwi-bankruptcy ngo-2008.
Inkcazo yeMatyala e-US ichazwe
Iidemokhrasi kunye namaRiphablikhi kwiCongress ziye zadala i-crisis incurring crisis in fighting ways to curb ityala. Iidemokhrasi zithi i- Bush tax cuts kunye neengxaki zemali zango - 2008 , zombini ezo zinciphisa iirhafu zerhafu. Bakhuthaza ukunyuka kwemali yokunyusa okanye ukunyuka kweentlawulo zabathengi. Ukunyuka kwezinto ezifunekayo kuya kukhuthaza uqoqosho ngaphandle kwemali kunye nokwandisa i-GDP kunye neentlawulo zerhafu. Ngamanye amazwi, iUnited States iya kwenza njengoko yenze emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Kuya kukhula indlela yokuphuma kwinkathazo yetyala. Le qhinga libizwa ngokuba yi-Keynesian economics theory.
AmaRiphablikhi akhuthaza ukunyuka kweerhafu kwamashishini. Babeza kutyalombela ukunyuka ekuwandiseni iinkampani zabo kwaye emva koko benze imisebenzi emitsha.
Le ngqungquthela ibizwa ngokuba yi- Supply-side Economics .
Amacala omabini alahlekelwa ingqalelo. Bajolise kwiityala endaweni yokukhula koqoqosho. Ingaba uhlawula irhafu okanye ukwandisa ukuchitha imali akufanele ukuphikisana malunga nokude uqoqosho lukwisigaba sokwandisa umjikelo . Into ebaluleke kakhulu kukuthatha isenzo esinobudlova ukubuyisela ukuzithemba kwezorhwebo kunye nabathengi .
Ezi zibanezeli injini yezoqoqosho.
Amaqela omabini ahlanganisa inkxalabo ngokuphikisana nokunciphisa ukuchitha imali. Balwa ngokukhawuleza kwiinkqubo zokuzikhusela okanye "ukufaneleka" iinkqubo ezifana noKhuseleko loLuntu kunye neMedare. Ukubuyiselwa kwimali, ukuchitha imali karhulumente kufuneka kuhlale kuhambelana. Naziphi na izicucu ziya kususa i- liquidity kunye nokunyusa ukungabikho kwemisebenzi ngokuchithwa koorhulumente.
Ixesha lokunciphisa iindleko xa ukukhula koqoqosho kukukhulu kunama-4 ekhulwini. Ukuchithwa kwemali kunye nokunyuka kweerhafu kuyadingeka ukunciphisa ukukhula nokukhusela uqoqosho ukungena kwisigaba se-bubble somjikelezo wezoshishino.
2011 Ingxaki yoTyala
Ngo-Apreli 2011, iCongress yaphuza ukuvunyelwa kohlahlo lwabiwo - mali lwangonyaka - mali ka-2011 , ngokubangela ukuba uvalwe urhulumente . AmaRiphabhuliki ayengafuni ukulahlekelwa kwe-$ 1.3 trillion, okwesithathu ephakamileyo kwimbali. Ukunciphisa ukusilela, iidemokhrasi zaphakamisa i-$ 1.7 yezigidigidi ezichithwe kwiinkcitho zokukhusela ukuba zihambelane nomoya we-Iraq War. AmaRiphabhuliki afuna i-$ 61 billion kwiingcambu zokungazikhuseli ukubandakanya u- Obamacare . Amacandelo amabini athatyathwa kwi-$ 81 yeebhiliyoni ekuchithwa kwezinto, ikakhulukazi kwiiprogram ezingasetyenzisanga imali yazo.
Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva koko, ingxaki yanda. I-Standard & Poor iyanciphisa indlela yabo yokujonga ukuba i-United States yayiza kubuyisa ityala layo "elingalunganga." Oku kwakuthetha ukuba kukho ikhesenti elingama-30 eli lizwe liza kulahla i-AAA S & P yokulinganiswa kwetyala kwimiba emibini.
I-S & P yayikhathazekile ukuba iiDemokhrasi kunye namaRiphabhuliki angeke bakwazi ukulungisa iindlela zabo zokunciphisa ilahleko. Ngamnye wayeceba ukunciphisa i-$ 4 trillion ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-12. Amademokhrasi acwangcise ukuvumela ukuhlawula intela ye-Bush kuphele ekupheleni konyaka ka-2012. Okwangoku, iRiphabhliki yalungiselela ukubuyisela iMedareriya ngeefowuni.
NgoJulayi, iCongress yayigxininisa ekukhuliseni imali engama-14.294 ayi-trillion. Abaninzi bacinga ukuba le yindlela efanelekileyo yokuminyanzela urhulumente wephondo ukuba ayeke ukuchitha. Urhulumente wephondo uza kuyanyanzelwa ukuba athembele kuphela kwingeniso engenayo ukuhlawula iindleko eziqhubekayo. Kwakhona kuya kubangela ukuphazamiseka kwezoqoqosho. Ngokomzekelo, izigidi zabantu abadala azizukufumana ukuhlolwa kweNtlalo. Ekugqibeleni, iSebe leNondyebo lingenako ukuhlawulwa kwiintlawulo zenzalo. Oku kuya kubangela ukuba inkokhelo yangempela ilahleke.
Yindlela enqabileyo yokunyusa inkqubo yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Okumangalisa kukuba, iimfuno zeNondyebo zahlala ziqinile. Enyanisweni, inzala yonyaka ka- 2011 ifikelele kwiminyaka engama-200 ubudala njengoko abatyali-mali befuna ukubuyisela imali encinci yokutshala imali.
Ngo-Agasti, i-Standard & Poor iyanciphisa i-US credit rating ukusuka ku-AAA ukuya ku-AA +. Oku kwabangela ukuba imakethi yemasheya ityeke. I-Congress yaphakamisa i-debt plailing ngokudlulisa uMthetho woLawulo lweBhajethi ka-2011. Yayiphakamisa ityala le-debt to $ 16.694 trillion. Kwakhona kusongela ukulandelelana okuza kubangca ama-10 ekhulwini ekuchithwa kwemali kwi-fiscal year ngonyaka we-2021. Ukunqunyulwa okukhulu kwakuya kugwenywa ukuba iKomiti yeCongress Super Super ikwazi ukudala isiphakamiso sokunciphisa ityala nge $ 1.5 trillion. NgoNovemba 2011 yaqonda ukuba ayikwazi. Oko kwavumela ukuba inkathazo yesikweletu iqhube ngo-2012.
2012 Ingxaki yeMatyala
Inkathazo yamatyala yathatha ibakala eliphambili kulo lonke uphuhliso lomongameli we-2012 . Ukufumana iinkcukacha, khangela u- Obama ulwa neRomney kwi-Economy . Emva kokhetho, imarike yemasheya yanyuka njengoko ilizwe libheke kwiindawo zokungena kwemali . Kwakuyixesha xa ukucima kweRhafu yeNtshonalanga kuphelelwa lixesha kwaye ukucinywa kwemali yokutshatyalaliswa kwemali kwaqala.Kukho ngaphezulu, khangela i- US Fiscal Cliff 2012 .
ICongress yayigweme ngokugqithisa uMthetho wamaRama waseMelika oThawula. Yabuyiselwa ireyenti yeerhafu yerhafu kwaye ihlehliswa ukuhlaliswa kwee-sequestration kude kube ngoMashi 1, 2013. Ngaphezulu, khangela i- Cliff Cliff 2013 .
Iingxaki zeNkcazo
Isisombululo kwiinkathazo zetyala sinokulula kodwa ngokwezomnotho. Okokuqala, vumela ukunciphisa imali kunye nokunyusa irhafu kwixabiso elilinganayo. Ngamnye kuya kunciphisa ukusilela ngokulinganayo nangona kunemiphumo eyahlukileyo ekukhuleni koqoqosho kunye nokudala imisebenzi. Ngaphezulu, funda i- Tax Cuts Yakha imisebenzi? Iingcamango ezine zoBumba zeZiko eziSebenzayo kunye neziSombululo zengqesho .
Nantoni na enqunyiwe, yenze i-crystal icace kakuhle oko kuya kwenzeka. Oku kuza kubuyisa ukuzithemba. Okuvumela amashishini ukuba abeke iingcamango kwizicwangciso zabo zokusebenza.
Okwesibini, ulibazise nayiphi na utshintsho ubuncinane ngonyaka emva kokunyuka kwemali. Oku kuvumela uqoqosho ukuba lufumane ngokwaneleyo ukwandisa iipesenti ezi-3 ukuya kwi-4 ezifunekayo ukudala imisebenzi. Oku kuya kubangela ukwanda kwenyuka kwi-GDP kwiimeko zemozulu nayiphi na ukunyuka kweerhafu kunye nokuchithwa kwemali. Oku kuya kunciphisa umlinganiselo wesikweletu-kuya-GDP okwaneleyo ukuphelisa nayiphi na ingxaki yesikweletu.
Ngaba iUnited States iya kuphazamiseka njenge-Iceland?
Urhulumente wase-US utyalomali ubuncinane imali engama-$ 5.1 trillion ukuhlawula ubunzima bebhanki. Oko kungaphezu kweyesithathu kwento yokuvelisa ngonyaka kwaye kwandisa ityala le- US . Nangona oko kwakungekho okubi njengeemeko zase-Iceland, kwakunemiphumo efanayo kwizoqoqosho zase-US. Kukho ithemba elincinane kwiimarike zemali ze- US, kunye noqoqosho olukhula ngokukhawuleza. (Umthombo: "I-US iQinisekisa ingozi yeMali eWashington," i-International Herald Tribune, ngo-Oktobha 18, 2008.)
Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba imeko yezoqoqosho yase-US idale ukuwa kwekarhulumente njengesi-Iceland? Kunokwenzeka, kodwa akunakwenzeka. Uqoqosho lwase-United States lukhulu kwaye lunamandla ngakumbi. Xa kukho ubunzima bezoqoqosho, abatyali-mali bathenga ityala le-US. Bakholelwa ukuba ityalo-mali ekhuselekileyo. E-Iceland, kwenzeka okuchasene ngqo.
Njengoko ababolekisi beqala ukuxhalabisa, badinga isivuno esiphezulu nesiphezulu sokunciphisa ingozi yabo. Ukuphakama kwezivuno, ngokugqithiseleyo kuhlawulela ilizwe ukuba lihlaziye ityala layo eliphezulu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, akunakukwazi ukuqhubeka nokugqithisa phezu kwetyala kwaye ayifanelekanga. Uloyiko lwabathengi luba isiprofeto sokuzifeza.
Oku akuzange kwenzeke kwi-United States. Imfuno ye- US Treasury yahlala isomelele. Kungenxa yokuba ityala le-US liyikhulu leepesenti eliqinisekisiwe ngamandla omnye wezoqoqosho oluqinileyo. Ngezinye izizathu, jonga Kutheni i-Dollar iqina kangaka ngoku?