Ngaba Ukuxhobisa Ukukhuthaza Ukwakha Uqoqosho?
Ukunikezelwa kwezoqoqosho ngokwezomnotho yimbono ethi ukunyuka kweemveliso kuqhuba ukukhula koqoqosho . Imiba yemveliso yintloko , abasebenzi, ishishini kunye nomhlaba.
Umgaqo-nkqubo wenkxaso-mali wenkxaso-mali ujolise kumashishini. Izixhobo zalo zithengiswa zerhafu kunye nokuncitshiswa . Iinkampani ezizuza kule nkqubo ziqesha abasebenzi abaninzi. Ukukhula komsebenzi obangela ukudala umfuno ophezulu okhuthaza ngakumbi ukukhula.
Icandelo leNkxaso-mali lichasene ne- Keynesian theory echaza ukuba imfuno iyona nto yokuqhuba.
Umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali ugxile kubathengi kungakhathaliseki ukuba basebenza okanye cha. Izixhobo zalo zikarhulumente zenkcitho kwiziseko zophuhliso, inzuzo yokungasebenzi kunye nemfundo.
Ingaba isebenza kanjani
Icandelo leZibonelelo lisebenza ngokunika izikhuthazo kumashishini ukuba bandise. Ukuthotywa kususa izithintelo ekukhuleni kunye neendleko ezihambelana nokuthobela. Iinkampani zikhululekile ukuhlola iinkalo ezintsha zokukhula.
Ukunqunyulwa kwentlawulo yenkampani kunika amabhizinisi imali ngaphezulu ukuba aqeshe abasebenzi, batyale kwizinto zokusebenza kunye nokuvelisa iimpahla kunye neenkonzo.
Ingxowa yerhafu yokufumana ingeniso iyanda iidola ngehora esebenzayo. Yandisa inzuzo yabasebenzi ukuba bahlale beqeshwe. Oku kwandisa ukwenziwa kwabasebenzi. Olu konyuka ekuboneleleni lukhuthaza ukukhula koqoqosho.
Icandelo leZibonelelo lifana nezoqoqosho ezikhohlakeleyo . Oko kuthetha okulungileyo kubabutyebi kuya kunqumla kumntu wonke kuluntu. Liyakholelwa ukuba abatyali-mali, abasindisi kunye nabanikazi benkampani ngaba ngabaqhubi bokwenene bokukhula.
Ithembisa ukuba baya kusebenzisa nayiphi na imali eyongezelelweyo esuka kumacandelo okuhlawula irhafu ukwenzela ukwandisa ukukhula kwamashishini. Abatyalomali baya kuthenga ezinye iinkampani okanye iimpahla. Amabhanki aya kwandisa imali. Abanikazi baya kufaka imali kwimisebenzi yabo kwaye baqeshe abasebenzi. Ithi kwakhona ukuba lo kukhula okukhulu kuya kwenziwa yerhafu elahlekileyo yerhafu .
Iingcamango Emva kokunikezelwa-Economics Side
I- Curve Laffer yiyona ndlela yokuxhasa ngokutsha kwezoqoqosho.
U-Economist uArthur Laffer wavelisa ngowe-1979. Wathetha ukuba umphumo werhafu yerhafu kwi- budget federal iyenziwa ngokukhawuleza. Ziyakwindawo yoku-1 ukuya kweyesi-1. Zonke iidola ezinqunywe kwiirhafu zinciphisa iindleko zorhulumente (kunye nefuthe layo elikhuthazayo) ngo-dollar enye.
Ukuchithwa kwerhafu efanayo kunempembelelo yokwandisa ukukhula koqoqosho. Yonke idola kwiirhafu zerhafu iguqulela kwixabiso elongezelelweyo. Kungenxa yokuba kukhuthaza ukukhula kwezoshishino, oku kubangela ukuqeshwa ngokungekho.
Ingakanani ukukhangela kwerhafu kuxhomekeke kwiimeko xa zenzeka. Ingaba uqoqosho lwalukhula okanye lwamazwe? Ziziphi iirhafu ezinqunywe? Kuphakamileyo kangakanani izinga lentlawulo? Ukuba iirhafu zisesigxina esingavumelekanga, ukucoca kuya kuba neyona mpembelelo. Ukuba iirhafu sele ziphantsi, kwaye ukusika akuyi kwenza oku. Baya kunciphisa imali engenayo yorhulumente kunye nokwandisa ukungonakali ngaphandle kokukhulisa ukukhula okwaneleyo ukucutha imali engenayo.
Isebenza njani kakuhle
UMongameli uReeagan wabeka uqoqosho lwezoqoqosho kwiindawo zama-1980. Wawusebenzisa ukulwa nesantya . Leyo yintlangano engaqhelekanga yokukhula koqoqosho oluqhubekayo kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso . Ngenxa yesi sizathu, uqoqosho lwezoncedo lubizwa ngokuba yiReaganomics . URagag wayengummeli woqoqosho lwe-laiss-faire . Wayekholelwa ukuba imarike yamahhala kunye neengxowa-mali yayiza kuxazulula iintlungu zelizwe.
Imigaqo yakhe ihambelane " ukunyanzela kukuhle " kwemizwe ka-1980 yaseMelika.
Reagan yinqumle isantya ephezulu yokufumana irhafu kwi-70% ukuya kwi-28 ekhulwini. Wanciphisa isantya esiphezulu serhafu kwi-46 ukuya kuma-40 ekhulwini. Oku kuncedisa ukukhulisa uqoqosho ngaphandle kobugqwetha obugqithiseleyo ukususela kwiNkxwaleko enkulu .
URagag wongezelela nokusetyenziswa kwemali yokhuseleko ngexesha elifanayo. Waphinda kabini ityala likazwelonke ngelixa esesikhundleni. Ngokutsho kwabakwa-Keynesians, oku kwaphakamisa nokukhula koqoqosho ngokubeka imali emininzi kwizoqoqosho, ukudala imisebenzi kunye nokunyuka kwemfuno. The lekisa nabanye abaongameli kuMatyala nguMongameli .
UMongameli uB Bush wasebenzisa ubuchule bezoqoqosho ekunciphiseni irhafu ngo-2001 kunye ne- EGTRRA kunye no-2003 kunye neJGTRRA . Uqoqosho lwakhula, kwaye imali engenayo yanda. I-Supply-siders, kuquka uMongameli, uthe loo nto yayingenxa yokunciphisa irhafu.
Ezinye iicandelo lezoqoqosho zibhekiselele kwizinga elincinci lomdla njengento yokuvuselela ngokwenene. I- FOMC inciphise isantya semali esondliwe ukusuka kuma-6 ekhulwini ekuqaleni kwe-2001 ukuya kuma-1 eepesenti ngo-Juni 2003. (Umthombo: "Ixabiso leMali yeNgxowa-mali," iNew York Federal Reserve.)
Kuninzi kuxhomekeke kwiliphi iqela loluntu elifumana ukunyuswa kweerhafu. Izifundo zibonisa ukuba ukunyuswa kweerhafu akusebenzi ngokulinganayo ekudaleni imisebenzi . Ukunciphisa kwiintsapho eziphantsi kweengeniso ziguqulela ngqo kwiindleko ezongeziweyo. Oko kukhulisa imfuno kunye nokukhula koqoqosho. Ukwehliswa kwentlawulo kwiintsapho eziphezulu zengeniso zihlala zityalomali, zisindiswe okanye zisetyenziselwa ukuhlawula ityala. Oko kukhulisa imarike yemasheya kunye neebhanki, kodwa kungekhona ukuthengisa.
Izifundo ezixhasa inkxaso-Ucandelo loLuntu
Isebe leNondyebo livelise umzekelo obonisa ukuba ukunyuswa kweerhafu kwe- Bush kwenyuka i- GDP yonyaka nge-0.7 ekhulwini. Kodwa umzekelo uthatha ukuba ingeniso elahlekileyo ngokuchithwa yanyulwa ngokunciphisa imali yokuchitha imali, kugcinwe uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Ukuba endaweni yoko, ukunyuswa kweerhafu kwacinywa ngokunyuka kweerhafu, igalelo lingaba libi. Ukongezwa kweerhafu ezizayo kuya kufuneka kuhlawule ityala elongezelelweyo. (Umthombo: " Uhlalutyo olunamandla loKwandiso oluPhezulu lukaMongameli weRhafu yeRhafu yeNkonzo " ISebe leNondyebo yase-US, uJulayi 25, 2006.)
Izifundo ezingayixhasi inkxaso-Uqoqosho lwezoLimo
Uphando olwenziwa yiBhunga leSizwe loPhando loQoqosho lufumene manani acacileyo malunga nokuba inzuzo engakanani iya kubalwa ngokutsha kweentlawulo. Kwidola ngalinye lentlawulo yokurhoxiswa kweerhafu, i-17 centi kuphela iya kufunyanwa kwindleko enkulu.
Ukunciphisa intela yorhwebo kunokuncinci kangcono. I-dollar ngayinye ibuyisela ama-50 engama-revenue. Oku kubonisa ukuba, ngaphezu kwexesha elide, ingeniso elahlekileyo yocutshulwa yerhafu iya kuphinda ibuyiswe. Ngaphandle kokuncipha kwenkcitho, ukunyuswa kweerhafu kubangela ukwanda kwenkcitho yebhajethi . Oku kutshabalalisa uqoqosho ngokwexesha. (Umthombo: I-NBER, "I-Dynamic Scoring: I-Back of the Guide ye-Envelope," NBER, Disemba 2004. "Hayi, iinqununu zentlawulo ye-Bush musa ukunyusa iRevenue," i-Townhall.com, ngoNovemba 15, 2007.)
Isiphelo
Abemi bezoqoqosho baqhubeka bexubusha ukuba ukunyuka kweerhafu kubangela ukwanda koqoqosho ngokwexesha elide. Ucwaningo lweSebe lezeMali likhankanyile ukuba, kwixesha elifutshane kunye noqoqosho olusele lubuthathaka, ukunyuswa kweerhafu kuya kunika amandla ngokukhawuleza. Ucwaningo lwe-NBER lufumene ukuba ukunyuswa kweerhafu kuya kudala ukulahleka kweebhajethi ezinkulu ngaphandle kokuba imali ichithwe.
Ngaphezulu kwexesha elide, kunye noqoqosho olusempilweni, oku kuya kubeka uxinzelelo olungaphantsi kwidola elinokunyusa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ngamanani aphezulu angeniso . Ngexesha, ukuba ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuphezulu kwaye uqoqosho lomelele ngokwaneleyo, lungaqinisekisa ukuba i-Federal Reserve iqalise umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali olwaphulo , njengamazinga aphezulu enzala. Isiphumo salo kukukhula koqoqosho ngokukhawuleza.