Imali yecandelo ayikho kubo bonke abatyala-mali kwaye kukho indlela efanelekileyo kunye nendlela engafanelekanga yokuyisebenzisa. Ngoko phambi kokuthenga kwelinye okanye ngaphezulu kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo oshishino, yinto efanelekileyo yokuzifundisa oko bakuyo kunye nendlela abasebenza ngayo.
Ziziphi iiMali zeCandelo kwaye Zizityala njani?
Icandelo leengxowa-mali yingxowa - mali kunye okanye i- exchange-trade fund (i-ETF) ebeka ininzi okanye yonke impahla yayo kwi candelo elithile loshishino. Uludwe lwamacandelo luza kubandakanya ubuchwephesha, imali, umthengi, umxube, umthengi, izibonelelo, amandla, izinto zendalo, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, indawo yokuhlala kunye nezitye ezixabisekileyo.
Nantsi inkcazo emfutshane ngemimiselo malunga nendlela iintlobo ezahlukileyo zeemali zecandelo zophala mali, ziphulwe phantsi kwicandelo:
- Ubugcisa: Eli candelo liza kutyalo-mali kwiimpahla zenkampani ezithengisa iimveliso zeteknoloji okanye ukunikezela ngeenkonzo zeteknoloji. Imizekelo iya kubandakanya umenzi wesofthiwe njengoMicrosoft (MSFT), umthengisi we-intanethi njenge-Amazon (i-AMZN), indawo yesigxina sezentlalo njenge-Facebook (FB), iqumrhu elinjenge-Alphabet (GOOG, GOOGL), inkampani yomzali we-Google, evelisa iimveliso ezininzi kunye neenkonzo kwi-teknoloji.
- Imali : Imali yecandelo iya kubamba iintengiso zeenkampani ezinjengeBhanki yaseMelika (BAC), uCharles Schwab (SCHW), kunye ne-Wells Fargo (WFC). Kodwa izitokethi zemali zingaquka ngaphezu kweebhanki kunye neefenki zokuthengisa-iifomali ziquka iinkampani zomshuwalense, iinkampani zenkxaso-mali kunye namafemu okucwangcisa imali.
- Umthengi Uhambo: Xa ucinga ngemboleko yomthengi, cinga ngeenkampani ezinjengeDisney (DIS), McDonalds (MCD), kunye ne-Starbucks (SBUX). Ezi ziinkampani ezithengisa izinto abantu abangazidingi ukuba baphile imihla ngemihla. Ngenxa yoko abathengi beempahla ezinqamlekileyo, ezibizwa ngokuba ngabathengi bokuzikhethela okanye ukuzilibazisa, baya kuthi bathe benza ngcono xa uqoqosho luzinzi kwaye abathengi basesimweni sokuchitha imali.
- Izibambiso zabaThengi: Phantse ukuchasene nabaxhasi bamashishini, iinkampani kumacandelo ezitshixo zabathengi zibonelela ngemveliso kunye neenkonzo ezifunekayo kwimihla ngemihla. Eminye imizekelo yabathengi be-staples nkampani ziquka i-Wal-Mart (i-WMT), i-CVS (i-CVS), kunye ne-Procter & Gamble (PG). Isithambathiso sabathengi sinokuquka iinkampani ezithengisa izinto abathengi abazidingayo kodwa baya kuqhubeka bezithenga, nangona uqoqosho luyehlisa. Imizekelo ibandakanya iKoca-Cola (KO) kunye noFilip Morris (PM).
- Izixhobo: Xa ucinga ngezinto ezisetyenziswayo, cinga ngeenkampani ezinika igesi, umbane, kunye neenkonzo zefoni kunye neenkonzo. Amasheya kumacandelo enkonzo aquka iDuke Energy (DUK) kunye ne-Southern Inkampani (SO). Njengama-staples abathengi, izibonelelo ziza kubandakanya iimveliso okanye iinkonzo abasebenzisi abasebenzisayo xa amaxesha athathaka. Ngoko ke iimali zecandelo elityalomali kwizinto ezincedisayo zingenza ngcono kunamacandelo okukhula, njengeteknoloji, xa ukuhlaselwa kwemali kuhlaselwa. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izibonelelo ziyinxalenye yamacandelo ephambili okukhusela .
- Amandla: Icandelo lamandla libandakanya onke amashishini abandakanyekayo ekuveliseni nasekuhanjisweni kwamandla, kuquka iinkampani zeoli, iinkampani zombane, umoya kunye namandla okukhanya kwelanga , kunye noshishino lwamalahle. Abatyalomali abafuna ukugxininiswa kwiindawo ezinkulu zamanzi, njenge-Exxon-Mobil (XOM) kunye neChevron Corp (iCVX) banokuthenga i-sector share fund okanye i-ETF.
- Izibonelelo zendalo: Imali yecandelo elijoliswe kwizinto eziphathekayo zendalo ziza kutyalo-mali kwiimveliso zamashishini ezifana nezamandla, amakhemikhali, amaminerali kunye nemveliso yehlathi e-US okanye ngaphandle kwe-US Ngoko ke abanini-mali abanamacandelo abo baya kufumana ama-energy stocks I-XOM ne-CVX kodwa kunye neempahla ezifana neNewmont Mining Corp (NEM).
- Ukunakekelwa kweMpilo: Eyaziwayo njengempilo okanye eyimpilo ekhethekileyo, eli candelo lijolise kwiinkampani zonyango, ezinokubandakanya ama-conglomomerate esibhedlele, iinkonzo zesikhungo, iinkampani zomshuwalense, iinkampani zonyango, iinkampani ezinobomi, okanye abenzi bezinto zonyango. Imizekelo ibandakanya iPfizer (PFE), i-United-Healthcare (UNH), kunye ne-HCA Holdings, Inc (HCA). Iimali zecandelo lezeMpilo nazo zihlala ziphethe ii-bio-teknoloji njengezikolo zeGiliyadi (i-GILD) okanye i-Biogen (BIIB). Izitokethi zokunakekelwa kwempilo zibhekwa njengezixhobo ezikhuselayo kuba zivame ukubambelela ngakumbi kuneemarike ngokubanzi ngexesha lokuhla. Oku kubangelwa ukuba abathengi basasafuna unyango kunye nokunyamekelwa kwempilo ngexesha lokungena.
- I-Real Estate: Imali yecandelo lezezindlu lihlala ligxininise ukugcinwa kwazo kwiitropati zokutsalwa kwezindlu, okanye ii-REIT, ezizimeko ezimelela ukuqokelela abatyala-mali abadibanisa imali yabo ndawonye ukuthenga izakhiwo zokuvelisa ngenzuzo, njengezakhiwo zeofisi kunye namahotele. I-REIT ifunekayo ngokusemthethweni ukuba ihlawule ubuncinane i-90 ekhulwini yengeniso yabo kubanini-nxaxheba kwaye oku kwenza i-real estate sector igxininise ukuba abatshali-mali bafune utyalo-mali-mali. Ezinye izikhundla eziphezulu kwicandelo leengxowa-zakhiwo zingabandakanya uSimon Property Group (SPG) kunye noLondolozo loluntu (PSA).
- Iimpawu ezixabisekileyo: Olu hlobo lweemali zetyala luya kuba bhetele ngakumbi njengemali yemveliso kuba izitye ezixabisekileyo aziqwalaselwe njengecandelo lezoshishino. Kodwa kunjalo, izityebhile ezixabisekileyo zifanelekile ukukhankanywa kunye nemali yecandelo ngenxa yobume bayo njengotyalo-mali olugxininisa ukubamba kwayo kwinxalenye ekhethekileyo yemarike yemali. Izityebi ezixabisekileyo iimali ezixhamlayo aziyi kutyalwa ngqo kwiitye ezixabisekileyo njengegolide kunye nesilivere kodwa ngokungachanekanga ngezinto ezinqabileyo zombane ezifana ne-Agnico Eagle Mines (AEM) kunye ne-Newmont Mining Corp (NEM).
Indlela yokuTyala imali kwiNgxowa-mali
Kaloku ukuba uyazi ukuba igalelo leemali zecandelo lisebenza njani, uyazizilumko ukufunda indlela yokukhetha imali engcono kakhulu yecandelo lakho kunye nesicwangciso sakho sokutyalomali.
Iimali zeCandelo zisebenza kakuhle kunye nezixhobo zohlukeneyo kunye neendlela ezinokwenzeka zokunyusa iintlawulo zeepotfolio. Ekuguquleleni, oku kuthetha ukuba imali yamacandelo inokunciphisa umngcipheko kwipotifoliyo jikelele ngelixa ikwazi ukukhulisa iindleko kwixesha elide.
Isakhiwo esilumkileyo sepottoliyo sokuphumeza isicwangciso-mali sesigxina sisakhiwo sepotfoliyo esiyintloko kunye nesatifikethi , esafana nje: Uqala ngokubamba okubalulekileyo, okumelela inxalenye enkulu yepotfoliyo yakho kwaye wongeza imali ye-satellite, efumana isabelo esincinci pesenti. Ngokomzekelo, ukubamba okusemgangathweni olulodwa ngenye yezona zimali eziphezulu ze-S & P 500 , ezinokufumana ulwabiwo lwe-30 okanye 40 ekhulwini. Izibonelelo ze-satellina ziba yimali-mali encinci, iimali ze-stock market kunye nemali yecandelo.
Xa ungeze imali kwiikharityhulam, ungakhetha ukukhetha amacandelo ambalwa ekutyalomali-mali olude, amacandelo ambalwa okutyalwa kwexesha elifutshane, okanye ukuhlanganiswa kokubini. Ngokomzekelo, abatyali-mali abathile bakholelwa ukuba iteknoloji kunye nempilo ngamacandelo amabini angakwazi ukugqithisa ngokubanzi umakethi kwiminyaka ezayo. Abo batyali-mali, ke, banokukhetha ukongeza imali yecandelo lezekhnoloji kunye nezezimali zezezifo kwiipotifoliyo zabo.
Umzekelo wokutyalomali kwexesha elifutshane kunye nemali yecandelo xa umtyalomali utshintshile impahla yeefowthifoliyo kumacandelo okukhusela ngokulindela ukuthengiswa kwemali kunye neebhere . Amacandelo okhuselo aquka iinkonzo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo kunye nokuthengiswa kwezibhengezo.
Amazwi okugqibela kunye nezilumkiso malunga nokuTyala imali kwiNgxowa-mali
Nangona kungekho sabelo esipheleleyo sokunikezela ngengxowa-mali nganye kwipotfoliyo yakho, ipesenteji ephezulu yokugcina ingqalelo ngama-5 ekhulwini. Oku kungathi ngathi ulwabiwo oluncinci kodwa lwanele ukongeza ulwahlulo kwiipotifoliyo ngelixa kukhuthaza ukubuyisela. Ngoko ke, ukuba unquma ukongeza imali emithathu yecandelo lakho kwiphothifoliyo, ngamnye unokufumana isabelo sepesenti e-5 ukwenzela ukuba ulwabiwo-mali lwabiwo-15 lwepesenti.
Ukutsalwa kwemali emikhulu kwimali yecandelo kunokufaka ingozi kwipotfoliyo yakho. Ngokomzekelo, i-bio-teknoloji yamasheya, icandelo elincinci lempilo, libone ukuzuza okufutshane kwexesha elifutshane kodwa kunye nokuncipha okukhulu. Ukuba umtyali-mali uthenge i-fund ye-bio-tech kwingxowa-mali ngaphambi kokunciphisa okukhulu, kungenza umonakalo omkhulu kwipotfoliyo.
Kwakhona gcinani engqondweni ukuba ezinye iimali eziphathekayo, ezifana nokubamba iqhosha lakho, ziza kubonelela ngokubonakalayo kuninzi okanye kumashishini onke. Ngoko ke, ukuba uthenge ingxowa yecandelo kwaye imele iipesenti ezi-5 zeempahla zakho zephothifoliyo, ukukhutshwa kwakho ngokubanzi kweso candelo kungaphezulu kwama-5 ekhulwini ngenxa yezinye iimali.
Ukuziphendulela: Ulwazi olukule ndawo lunikezelwa ngeenjongo zengxoxo kuphela, kwaye akufanele lichazwe ngokungeniswa njengeengcebiso zotyalo-mali. Ngaphandle kweemeko ngaba le nkcazelo ibonisa isincomo sokuthenga okanye ukuthengisa iziqinisekiso.