Ingaba iza kunika uqoqosho lwezandla namhlanje?
Ziziphi iReaganomics
I-Reaganomics ithembisa ukunciphisa impembelelo karhulumente kwizoqoqosho. Wayexhasa inkxaso yezoqoqosho . Wayekholelwa ukuba imarike yamahhala kunye neengxowa-mali yayiza kuxazulula iintlungu zelizwe.
Imigaqo yakhe ihambelane " ukunyanzela kukuhle " kwemizwe ka-1980 yaseMelika.
Isikhundla sikaReagan sasihluke ngokuphawulekayo kwisimo semeko. Abaphambi kooMongameli uJohnson noNixon banandise indima karhulumente.
UReagan wathembisa ukwenza ukucima kwiindawo ezine:
- Ukukhula kwemali yekarhulumente.
- Zomibini iintlawulo zerhafu kunye neerhafu zentlawulo .
- Imimiselo yamashishini.
- Ukwandiswa kwemali .
I-Reaganomics isekelwe kwingcamango yokubonelela ngezoqoqosho . Ithi ukutyunjwa kwentlawulo yenkampani yindlela efanelekileyo yokukhula koqoqosho. Xa iinkampani zifumana imali engaphezulu, kufuneka ziqeshe abasebenzi abatsha kwaye zandise amashishini abo. Kwakhona kuthi ukunyuka kwentela yengeniso kunika abasebenzi ithuba lokusebenza, ukunyusa ukunikezelwa kwabasebenzi. Kungeso sihlandlo ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa yi -economics-down economy .
Ngokweqhinga, ukukhula koqoqosho kuya kwandisa isiseko sentlawulo. Ingeniso yongeziweyo karhulumente izakufaka endaweni yexabiso elilahlekileyo ukusuka ekuhlaleni irhafu.
Ngaba Yasebenza?
UMongameli uReeagan unikezelwa kwiinjongo zakhe ezine eziphambili zomgaqo-nkqubo, nangona kungengokuthi yena kunye nabalandeli bakhe babenethemba.
Okokutsho kukaWilliam A. Niskanen, umsunguli weReaganomics. I-Niskanen yayingumkhandlu weReagan we -Economic Advisers ukususela ngo-1981 ukuya ku-1985. Ukucutswa kwentela kaReagan kwagqitywa ukunyuka kwemali.
Kodwa imali yokusetyenziswa kwekarhulumente ayizange iyancitshiswe, yatshintshwa kuphela kwiinkqubo zasekhaya ukukhusela.
Isiphumo? I-debtary federal iphindwe kabini, ukusuka kwi-$ 997 yezigidigidi ngo-1981 ukuya kwi-2.857 trillion e-1989.
Ukwenziwa kweRhafu. Reagan ireyithi zerhafu ezinqamlekileyo zanele ukukhuthaza umfuno wabathengi. Ngonyaka odlulileyo weReagan kwi-ofisi, inani elingeniso yerhafu yengeniso lalingama-28 ekhulwini kubantu abangabodwa abangenza i-$ 18,550 okanye ngaphezulu. Nabani owenza imali encinci angakhokheli irhafu nhlobo. Kwakukho ngaphantsi kwe-1980 inqanaba eliphezulu lentlawulo yee-70 kwipesenti zabantu abafumana i-108,000 okanye ngaphezulu. Reagan ihlawuliswe iibhakethi zerhafu zokunyuka kwamaxabiso.
Reagan ukucutha izikhelo zerhafu ngokunyuka kweerhafu kwenye indawo. Wakhuphula irhafu yentlawulo yeNtlalo kunye neentlawulo zerhafu. Wagweba amaninzi amaninzi.
Reagan unciphisa irhafu yerhafu yenkampani ukusuka kuma-46 ekhulwini ukuya kuma-40 ekhulwini. Kodwa isiphumo salolu phulo sasingacacanga. UReagan utshintshe unyango lwerhafu lwamatyala amaninzi amatsha. Ubunzima obuthetha ukuba iziphumo ezipheleleyo zeenguqu zayo zerhafu zazingenakulinganiswa.
Ukuphuhlisa ukuThuthukisa ukuKhula. Inkcitho kaRhulumente isakhula, kungekhona ngokukhawuleza njengokuba uMongameli uCarter. U-Reagan ukwandiswa kwemali engama-2.5 ekhulwini ngonyaka, ngokubanzi ukwenzela ukukhusela. Ukunciphisa kwezinye iinkqubo zokuqondisisa kwenzeka kuphela ngonyaka wakhe wokuqala.
UReagan akazange anqumle iintlawulo zeNtlalo okanye i-Medicare. Enyanisweni, imali ehlawulwa nguReagan yayingama-22 ekhulwini lomkhiqizo wekhaya .
Oku kuphezulu kunezinga eli-20 le-GDP. Kodwa, ukukhula kwenkcitho kwakungaphantsi kwama-4% okweNyaka kaCongress Carter. La manani ahlengahlengiswa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso .
Ukunciphisa imiGaqo. Ngo-1981, uReagan wasusa i-Nixon-price controls kwixabiso leoli kunye negesi. Baye banqanda ukulingana kwemali-mveliso ehlawulekayo okuya kuthintela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. UReagan wanciphisa i -TV ye-cable, inkonzo yocingo elide, isevisi yebhasi phakathi, kunye nokuthunyelwa kolwandle. Wanciphisa imimiselo yebhanki, kodwa leyo yandinceda ukudala iNgxaki ye - Savings and Loan Crisis ngo-1989.
I-Reagan iyenyuka, ingabi iyancipha, ingenisa imithintelo. Waphindaphinda kabini inani lezinto eziphantsi kokunciphisa urhweba ukusuka kwi-12 ekhulwini ngo-1980 ukuya kuma-23 ekhulwini ngo-1988. Akenzanga okunciphisa iminye imigaqo echaphazela impilo, ukhuseleko kunye nokusingqongileyo.
ICarter yanciphise imimiselo ngokukhawuleza.
Imithatho yemali. UReagan wayenenhlanhla uSihlalo weSizwe wePublic Reserve uPaul Volcker wayesele ekhona. I-Volcker yahlasela ngamandla ukunyuka kwamaxabiso amabini anama-1970. Wasebenzisa umgaqo-mali wenkcitho , nangona kungenokwenzeka ukuba kube nokunciphisa i-double-dip dipression. Ngowe-1979, uVolcker waqalisa ukuphakamisa izinga lokunyusa imali . NgoDisemba 1980, kwakukho kuma-20 ekhulwini.
Ezi ntlawulo zavutha ukukhula koqoqosho. Umgaqo we-Volcker wawushukumisela ukukhula kwemali ka-1981 ukuya ku-1982. Ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kwabangama-10,8 ekhulwini kwaye bahlala ngaphezulu kweepesenti ezili-10 kwiinyanga ezili-10.
AmaReaganomics Awuyi Kusebenza Namhlanje
Abanamhlanje bazinzileyo banikezela iReaganomics ukuba bavuselele iMelika kwakhona. UMongameli uDonald Trump , abalandeli beTeyi ka- 2012 kunye namanye amaRephabliki bayakuxhasa njengesisombululo sezoqoqosho. Kodwa i-theory emva kweReaganomics ibonisa ukuba kutheni oko kwasebenza kuma-1980 kunokulimaza ukukhula namhlanje.
I-Reaganomics kunye nezoqoqosho zenkxaso-mali zingachazwa yi- Laffer Curve . U-Economist uArthur Laffer waqulunqa ngo-1979. Ikhefu ibonise indlela ukunyuswa kweerhafu kungavuselela uqoqosho ukuya kwimeko apho irhafu yerhafu yanda. Ibonise indlela iReaganomics engasebenza ngayo.
Ukunciphisa intela kunciphisa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali , i-dollar-to-dollar, ngokukhawuleza. Ezi zihlunu ezifanayo zinefuthe lokuphindaphinda ekukhuleni koqoqosho. Ukunciphisa intela kubeka imali kubathengi, abayichithayo. Okukhuthaza ukukhula kwamashishini kunye nokuqesha ngaphezulu. Isiphumo? Isiseko esikhulu sentela.
Kodwa isiphumo sokunyuselwa kweerhafu sincike ngokukhawuleza ukuba uqoqosho lukhula xa lusetyenziswa. Kuxhomekeke kwiintlobo zerhafu kunye nokuba ziphakamileyo kangakanani ngaphambi kokunqunyulwa. I-Curve Laffer ibonisa ukuba ukuhlawula irhafu kwandisa ingeniso karhulumente kwinqanaba. Emva kokuba irhafu ihlawule ngokwaneleyo, ukusika kwabo kuya kunciphisa ingeniso kunoko. Izicucu zasebenza ngexesha likaMongameli weReagan ngenxa yokuba isantya esiphezulu serhafu yayingama-70 ekhulwini. Zinefuthe elincinci kakhulu xa iirhafu zingaphantsi kwama-50 ekhulwini.
Ngokomzekelo, uMongameli Bush wakhawula iirhafu kwi-2001 yoKhula koQoqosho kunye noMthetho woNgeniso loNxibelelwano lweRhafu kunye neMisebenzi ye- 2003 kunye ne-Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act . Uqoqosho lwakhula kwaye imali eyongeziweyo yanda. I-Suppers-siders, kubandakanywa nomongameli, yathi loo nto yayingenxa yokucutha kwentlawulo.
Ezinye iicandelo lezoqoqosho zibhekiselele kwizinga elincinci lomdla njengomgqugquzeli wangempela woqoqosho. IKomiti ye- Federal Open Market yanciphisa isantya semali esondliwa ukusuka kuma-6 ekhulwini ekuqaleni kwe-2001 ukuya kwi-1 ekhulwini ngo-Juni 2003. Imbali yokutya yemali yondla ibonisa indlela ukuhla kwehla kuqhubeka ngayo kwiminyaka.