Indlela iNkcazo eyenziwe ngayo iBhanest Greatest Collapse Since Depression
Inkcitho ixabisa i-$ 160 billion. Abathengi bahlawule i-$ 132 yezigidigidi, kwaye i-S & L yeli shishini lihlawule lonke. I-Insurance Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation yahlawula i-$ 20 yezigidigidi ukuba ibeke i-S & Ls ye-Ss.
I-S & Ls ezingaphezulu kwe-500 zanikwa i-insured by cash run-runs. Ukungaphumeleli kwabo kwabiza imali eyi-185 million yezigidi ngaphambi kokuwa.
Inkathazo yaphela oko kwakunjalo umthombo okhuselekile wemali yokuhlala ekhaya. Kwakhona yabhubhisa ingcamango ye-inshurensi yebhanki ye-bhanki.
Scandal
IKomidi yoLungiso lweSenethi iphando ngeeSenere ezintlanu zase-US zokuziphatha kakubi. I-"Cating Five "yayifaka uJohn McCain, uR-Ariz., UDennis DeConcini, uD-Ariz., UJohn Glenn, uD-Ohio, uAlan Cranston, uD-Calif, noDonald Riegle, uD-Mich.
Abahlanu baqanjwa ngoCharles Keating, intloko yeLincoln Savings kunye neMboleko yoMbutho. Wayebanike i-1.5 million yezigidi kwiimali zenkampu. Ngokubuyisela, bafaka uxinzelelo kwiBhodi yeBhanki yeBhanki yaseBhanki yasekhaya yaseMelika ukujongana nemisebenzi yokusola eLincoln. Igunya le-FHLBB yayikuphanda ukukhwabanisa, ukuhlawula imali kunye neengeniso ezibi.
Ubuninzi boMbuso kunye neNgxowa-mali yaseMesquite, iTexas babandakanyeka kwimimandla yomthetho engekho mthethweni kunye nezinye izenzo zobugebengu.
Abakhokhi bentlawulo abangenakuhlawula iirhafu ezingama-300 ezigidi. Isiqingatha seS & Ls ezingaphumeleli zivela eTexas. Inkathazo yanyusa i-state ukuba ihambe. Xa iimali zeebhanki ezimbi zehlabathi zikhutshwe ngeyunivesithi, amanani entengo yezindlu aphelile. Ezi zithuba zee-ofisi zanda kwii-30 zeepesenti, ngelixa ixabiso leoli elingahlambulukanga lawa ngama-50 ekhulwini.
Izizathu
UMthetho weBhanki yasekhaya wase-Federal Bank Act ka-1932 wadala inkqubo ye-S & L ekukhuthazeni ubuchule bezindlu ekhaya. I-S & Ls ikhokhela ixabiso lentlawulo engaphantsi kwe-average kwiimali. Ekubuyeleni, banikezela ngemilinganiselo engaphantsi kwe- mortgage rate. I-S & L ayinakuboleka imali kwi-real estate ye-commercial, ukunyusa ishishini okanye imfundo. Abazange banikeze ngee-akhawunti zokujonga.
Ngowe-1934, iCongress yakha i-FSLIC ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwe-S & L. Yanikezela ukukhuselwa okufanayo ukuba i-Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation yenza kwiibhanki zorhwebo. Ngo-1980, i-FSLIC i-S & L ye-4,000 e-insured ngamaxabiso angama-604 billion. Iinkqubo ze-inshorensi ezixhaswe nguRhulumente zenze i-590 i-S & L kunye ne-12.2 billion.
Ngama-1970, i-stagflation yabandakanya ukukhula koqoqosho oluphantsi kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso. I-Federal Reserve iphakanyise amaxabiso omyinge wokugqibela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ngamanani. Oku kwabangela ukunyuka kwemali ngo-1980.
I-Stagflation kunye nokukhula okucothayo kweS & Ls. Umthetho wabo osebenzayo ubeka i-caps kwiirhafu zenzalo ze-deposits kunye neemboleko. Ama-depositors afumana ukubuya okuphezulu kwezinye iibhanki.
Ngelo xesha, ukukhula okucothayo kunye nokunciphisa umnotho kunciphise inani leentsapho ezisetyenziselwa ukuthenga imali. I-S & Ls inamathele kwipotfothifoliyo yokunciphisa i-mortgage-interest interest asources yabo kuphela.
Le meko yaba nzima kuma-1980. Iimali zeemarike zemali zaziwa. Banikezela ngenani lentengo ephezulu kwi-savings ngaphandle kwe-inshurensi. Xa iifowuni zitshintshile, iphelile umthombo weebhanki. Iibhanki ze-S & L zabuza iCongress ukususa izithintelo zentengo ephantsi. Ulawulo lweCarter lwamvumela i-S & Ls ukuba ikhulise amazinga omyinge kwiimali zokugcina imali. Kwakhona kwandisa izinga le-inshurensi ukusuka kwi-$ 40,000 ukuya kwi-100,000 kwi-depositor.
Ngowe-1982, ii-S & L zazilahlekelwa yi-$ 4 billion ngonyaka. Kwakuyimbuyekezo ebalulekileyo yenkampani ye-$ 781 yezigidi ngo-1980.
Ngowe-1982, uMongameli uRagag wasayina iGarn-St. I-Germain Depository Act. Yomeleza ukupheliswa kwentengo yenzala. Kwakhona kwavumela ukuba iibhanki zibe ne-40 ekhulwini zeempahla zabo kwiimali-mboleko zentengiso kunye neepesenti ezingama-30 kumboleki-mboleki .
Ngokukodwa, umthetho uthintela izithintelo kwimilinganiselo yemali-mboleko . Yavumela i-S & Ls ukuba isebenzise iifomiti ezifakwe kwi-federal-insured ukuze zenzele imali ebolekayo. Ngexesha elifanayo, ukunciphisa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali luyanciphisa abasebenzi abalawulayo kwi-FHLBB Le nto yayingakwazi ukuphenya iimali-mboleko ezibi.
Phakathi kuka-1982 no-1985, impahla ye-S & L yanda ngamaphesenti angama-56. AbaLungu baseCalifornia, eTexas naseFlorida banika imithetho yokuvumela i-S & Ls ukuba ityalwe kwi- real estate estate . E-Texas, ama-S & Ls angama-40 ngobukhulu.
Nangona le mithetho, iipesenti ezingama-35 ze-S & L zelizwe azizange zizuze ngo-1983. Njengeebhanki ziphantsi, i-FSLIC iqalile ukuphuma kweemali. Ngenxa yoko, urhulumente avumela i-S & Ls embi ukuba ihlale ivulekile. Baqhubeka benza iziboleko ezibi , kwaye ilahleko ziqhubeka zikhula.
Ngowe-1987, isikhwama se-FSLIC sichaza ngokubakho kwi-3.8 billion yezigidi. ICongress ikhethile inokuthi iphinde iphinde iphinde ihlaziywe ngoMeyi. Kodwa loo nto yayilibaziseka ukuphepha.
Ngo-1989, uMongameli uGeorge George HW Bush wamtyhila isicwangciso sakhe sokukhusela. UMthetho wezeMali, ukuBuyiselwa kunye nokuQinisekisa uMthetho wanikezela iibhiliyoni ezingama-50 ukuvala iibhanki zahluleka ukuyeka ilahleko. Yakha i-arhente entsha karhulumente ebizwa ngokuba yi-Resolution Trust Corporation ukuthengisa i-asethi yebhanki. Imali isetyenzisiwe ukuhlawula iifom U-FIRRE wabuye watshintsha imigaqo ye-S & L ukukunceda ukukhusela ukutyalomali olubi kunye nobuqhetseba. (Imithombo: "Inkcazo ye-S & L: i-Chrono-Bibliography," i-FDIC. " Ingxaki yokuLondoloza kunye neNgxowa-mali kunye noBudlelwane bayo kwiBhanki ," FDIC.gov.)