Iingxaki ze-Eurozone: Izizathu kunye neZisombululo

Iingxaki kunye neSisombululo kwiNkcazo yeMatyala yase-Eurozone

Inkcaso ye-Eurozone yaqala xa abatyali-mali bexhalabele malunga namanqanaba akhula ofyala . Njengoko baqala ukunika i-premium yengozi ephezulu kummandla, ukubophelela kwamakhoboka okunyuka kwandiswe kwaye kubeka uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali kwilizwe. Abalawuli baqaphele le mizila kwaye baqulunqa ngokukhawuleza i-package ye-750 billion ye-euro, kodwa inkathazo iyaqhubeka iqhubeka ngenxa yeengxabano zezopolitiko kunye nokungabikho kwesicwangciso esihlangeneyo phakathi kwamalungu ekujongeni ingxaki ngendlela eqhubekayo.

Kule nqaku, siza kujonga ezinye zezizathu eziphambili zeCrisis ye-Eurozone kunye nezisombululo ezinokuthi zilungiswe ingxaki kwiminyaka ezayo.

I-Eurozone Crisis Timeline & Causes

Iingcali ezininzi ziyavuma ukuba i-Eurozone Crisis yaqala ngasekupheleni kuka-2009, xa iGrisi ivume ukuba ityala layo lifikile kwi-euro-bhiliyoni ezingama-300, okwakungamalunga ne-113% yemveliso yakhe yasekhaya (GDP). Ukuqonda kwafika nangona i-European Union (EU) izixwayiso kumazwe amaninzi malunga namanqanaba abo atyala ngokwemali ayefanele afakwe kwi-60% ye-GDP. Ukuba uqoqosho luyekezela, la mazwe anokufumana ixesha elinzima lokuhlawula amatyala abo ngenzala.

Ekuqaleni kuka-2010, i-EU yabona ukungafihli kwamanani amaninzi kwiinkqubo zengxelo zeGrisi, ezikhokelela ekuhlaziyweni okuphezulu kweehlomelo zebhajethi. Iingxelo zee-arhente zakhawuleza zinciphisa ityala lelizwe, okwabangelwa ukukhathazeka okufanayo malunga namanye amazwe akhathazekile e-eurozone, kuquka iPortugal, iIreland , iItali neSpain , enamanqanaba aphakamileyo afana netyala.

Ukuba la mazwe anemiba efanayo yokuphendula, ingxaki ingasasazeka kulo lonke ummandla.

Iimvakalelo ezimbi ezikhokelela abatyalo-mali ukuba bafune ukuvelisa izivuno eziphezulu, okwenza ukuba ingxaki ibenze ngokwenza iindleko eziphezulu. Izivuno eziphezulu zikhokelela kwixabiso elincinci lentengiso, oko kwakuthetha amazwe amakhulu kunye neebhanki ezininzi zaseYurophu eziphethe ezo zibophelelo.

Imfuno yokulawula ezi bhanki zifuna ukuba zibhale phantsi ezi ntlu kwaye ziqinise ukulungelelaniswa kwazo ngokugcina imali ngaphezu kokuboleka imali-ukubeka ubunzima kwi-liquidity.

Emva kokuxhaswa ngokunyanisekileyo kweNgxowa-mali yeZizwe ngeziMali, iinkokeli ze-eurozone zavumelana kwi-package ye-750 billion ye-euro yokulondoloza i-euro kwaye yaqalisa iSibonelelo se-European Stability Stability (EFSF) ngo-Meyi ka-2010. Ekugqibeleni, le ngxowa-mali yenyuka ibe malunga ne-1 trillion euros ngoFebruwari ka-2012 , ngelixa amanye amanyathelo amanyathelo asetyenziswe ukuphelisa ingxaki. Le miqathango yayigxeka kakhulu kwaye ayithandeki phakathi kwezoqoqosho ezinempumelelo, njengeJamani.

Amazwe afumana iimali zokuxhaswa kweso sikhungo ayadingeka ukuba athathwe ngamanyathelo amanyathelo aqhathanisekileyo okujoliswe ekuveliseni ukulahlekelwa kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kunye namanqanaba omatyala karhulumente. Ekugqibeleni, oku kwakhokelela kwimibhikisho ethandwayo ngo-2010, ngo-2011, no-2012 ekugqibeleni ukhetho lweenkokeli zentlalo-ntlalontle eFransi kunye neGreece.

Iingxaki ze-Eurozone Crisis Solutions

Ukungaphumeleli ukuxazulula iCrisis ye-Eurozone kuye kwabangelwa kakhulu ukungabikho kwemvumelwano yezopolitiko malunga namanyathelo afanele athathwe. Amazwe anotyebi afana neJamani afune ukuba amanyathelo athatyathelwe ukuba ahlawule amanqanaba ematyala, ngelixa amahlwempu ajongene neengxaki zikhalaza ukuba ubundlobongela buphelisa kuphela amathuba okukhula kwezoqoqosho.

Oku kuphelisa nayiphi na inokwenzeka yokuba 'ikhula' yenkinga ngokuphucula kwezoqoqosho.

Okubizwa ngokuba yi-Eurobond kucetywayo njengesisombululo esisisigxina - ukhuseleko olwalubhalwe phantsi ngokubhaliweyo ngamazwe onke ase-eurozone. Ezi zibophelelo ziyakuthi zithengise kunye neentlobo eziphantsi kwaye zenze ukuba amazwe asebenze ngokugqithiseleyo ngemali yabo indlela yokuphuma kwiinkathazo aze asuse isidingo sokongezwa kwemali eyongeziweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ezi nkxalabo zancinciwe ngokuhamba kwexesha njengoko i-deflation yabamba kwaye iibhondi zaba yindawo ekhuselekile yokuhlala kubasomali abafuna isivuno.

Ezinye iingcali zazikholelwa ukuba ukufikelela kwi-intanethi ye-matyala ephantsi-nzala kuya kuphelisa umnqweno wamazwe ukuba ahlasele kwaye aphephe umhla ongenakukuphepha wokubalelwa. Okwangoku, amazwe afana neJamani angabhekana nokuxhatshazwa kwemithwalo yemali xa kwenzeka nayiphi na i-Eurobond yokufa okanye iingxaki.

Ingxaki ephambili kwiminyaka yakutshanje, nangona kunjalo, i-deflation engapheliyo enokuqhubeka nokukhula.

Amaphuzu athathweyo

• I-Crisis yase-Eurozone yavela kumazinga aphakamileyo a matyala alawulwa ngamazwe ayenokubambisana neentlawulo ezinkulu zebhajethi.
• Ukukhathazeka ngenxa yezivuno eziphakamileyo ezigqithiseleyo ziye zadlulayo kwiminyaka yamuva nje ngokuba ukungcola kwenzelwe uqoqosho lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokunyanzeliswa kootyalo-mali ukuba kuhlawule izivuno.
• Isisombululo esiphezulu kwiNkqubela ye-Eurozone sihlala singenakwenzeka njengoko ummandla uyaqhubeka ukulwela ukufumana indlela yokukhula kwezoqoqosho oluzinzileyo.