Ziziphi iimeko zokuqhayisa?

Imilinganiselo yokuqulunqwa kwemida kunye neempembelelo zazo

Ubungqonge baba yinto eyaziwayo emva kweengxaki zeentyala zaseYurophu. Enyanisweni, labizwa ngegama likaMarriam-Webster ngomnyaka ngo-2010. Amanqanaba amatyala awamkelekanga, amazwe amaninzi ayanyanzelekile ukuba enze uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olumangalisayo lokwenza iintlawulo zebhanki kunye nokuphepha. Ezi zenzo zokunciphisa ukulahleka, ukuchithwa kwezinto ezincinci, kunye nokunciphisa iinkonzo zikawonkewonke zibizwa ngokubanzi njengamanyathelo okungahambi .

Kule nqaku, siza kujonga ngokuthe ngqalelo kwimiphumo yamanyathelo kunye nobungqina obuncedo kunye nokuqhelana nendlela yokuphucula uqoqosho lwelizwe.

Iimiphumo zeMigqaliselo yokuQinisekisa

Amanyathelo okulungelelanisa anemiphumo eyahlukileyo kwilizwe, kubandakanywa nezoqoqosho nezentlalo. Enyanisweni, incwadi ethi The Body Economic: Kutheni Ubuthakathaka Bulala iinkcukacha malunga nokuba le miqathango inokubangela njani ukubulala abantu abangaphezu kwe-10,000 kunye nezigidi ezingaphezulu kwezigidi zokudakumba. Ngaphezu koko, le ncwadi inokuthi ukutyunjwa kwezempilo karhulumente kunokuncedisa kwizinga eliphezulu ze-HIV eGrisi kunye nokuqala kokuhlaselwa kwe-malaria kwilizwe ukususela ngo-1970.

Nazi ezinye zeempembelelo eziqhelekileyo ezivela kumanyathelo okuxhatshazwa:

• Imiphumo yezoqoqosho - Uninzi lweemodeli zokufuna iimfuno kwizoqoqosho lubonisa ukuba ulwalamano olulula phakathi kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kunye nomsebenzi wezoqoqosho. Oko kukuthi, amanyathelo amanyathelo aholele ekudakaleni kokusetyenziswa kunye nokuveliswa kwezoqoqosho. Kodwa ezinye iingcaphephe zibonisa ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kobuthakathaka kunye nomsebenzi wezoqoqosho awuxhomekekanga kwaye kuxhomekeka kwizinto ezininzi ezingaphandle, okwenza le miphumo ingaqiniseki.

• Iimpembelelo zezobupolitika - Ngaphandle kweempembelelo zezimali, amanyathelo angqongqo anokuba nemiphumo emininzi kwiipolitiki zelizwe. Ngenxa yokuba amaninzi amanyathelo athatyathelweyo kwinkcitho yophuhliso kunye nentlalo, ukuxhamla kwezentlalo ngenye yezona zinto ziqhelekileyo emva kweempembelelo zokuphunyezwa kwemvelo. Ngokomzekelo, iGrisi yabona imibhikisho enobundlobongela kwimilinganiselo eyenziwa ngo-2011 no-2012.

• Iimpembelelo zentlalo - Amanyathelo okuhlaziywa kwamanqanaba anempembelelo enkulu kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla, kuba oorhulumente bavame ukuba bobabini abaqeshi abakhulu kunye namanethiwekhi asekuhlaleni. Ngokomzekelo, i-Family & Parenting Institute yaqikelela ukuba ingeniso yemindeni yomlambo e-UK iya kuhlaselwa ngokwenene ngo-4.2% ngaphezu kweminyaka emihlanu elandelayo emva kokunciphisa urhulumente ngo-2011.

Ubungakanani, Ukuchitha kunye neentlawulo

Amanyathelo okulungelelaniswa aphunyezwe ukwenzela ukunciphisa iingcipheko ze-federal ezingalimaza urhulumente ukuba akwazi ukuxhasa ngemisebenzi yayo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iindlela ezimbini ezingasetyenziselwa ukujongana nokulahleka kwemali-ukukhula kunye neerhafu . Iimfuneko zokunyanzeliswa kwemilinganiselo zixhomeke kakhulu ekubeni ingaba ilizwe liyakhula uqoqosho lwayo ngaphandle kwetyala okanye irhafu yabemi bayo ngokwaneleyo ukulikhupha.

Nazi iindlela ezintathu zokujongana nokulahleka kwemali :

• Ukuchitha imali - Amazwe anokunyusa ukuchitha imali ngethemba lokukhupha izinga lokukhula. Amazinga okukhula okuphakamileyo akhulisa i- GDP kunye nokunciphisa amatyala njengepesenti ye-GDP kwaye yenza ukuba ilawulwe ngakumbi. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukungaphumeleli ukwandisa ukukhula kunokukhokelela kumatyala angakumbi, ngelixa iindleko zorhulumente azinqabile ukuba yindlela efanelekileyo kakhulu yokuchitha.
• Ulungelelaniso - Amanyathelo okunyanzelisa ukuquka ukuchithwa kwemali karhulumente. Ezi zicucu zingavelisa ukunciphisa ngokukhawuleza kwixesha elizayo, oku kuthetha ukuba ityala njengepesenti ye-GDP iya kuncipha, ukuba i-GDP ihlale izinzile. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ingxaki apha kukuba ukukhwabanisa kuvame ukuba nempembelelo echaseneyo yokunciphisa izinga lokukhula ngexesha.

• Imirhumo - Ukunyusa irhafu kunokunceda unxweme lwemali kaRhulumente, kodwa bafaka ingxaki kubarhafi berhafu kunye neenkampani ezisebenza ngaphakathi kweli lizwe. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukuhlawula iirhafu kungaba yindlela yokukhuthaza ukukhula ngokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemali yabucala kunye notyalo-mali.

I-Keynes vs. Hayek Ingxabano

UJohn Maynard Keynes noFriedrich Hayek babengaboni bezoqoqosho abadumileyo abaneengcamango ezahlukeneyo malunga nendlela yokujongana nomjikelezo wokuqhuma umqhubi okhokelela ekulahlekeni kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Enyanisweni, iingxoxo phakathi kwala mabini bezoqoqosho ziye zidumileyo ngenxa yokuba ziphikisana kwaye zingavumelekanga.

Iintetho zithi uorhulumente kufuneka angenelele ekuncedeni ukubuyisela umsebenzi ongasebenziyo ngokuphumeza ukuvuselela ezoqoqosho kunye nezinye iinkqubo. Ukuba aba bantu baqeshwe, ukukhula kweGDP kuya kukhawuleza kwaye ityala njengepesenti ye-GDP iya kuncitshiswa. Amathemba okukhula kwexesha elide kuya kubakho ukuxhasa ngemali iiprojekthi ezikhoyo lula.

UHayek wagxininisa ukuba ezi nkqubo ziza kubambezela nje usuku lokubala. Kunoko, u-economist uthi i-oorhulumente kufuneka ukuba kuncitshiswe ukunciphisa iindleko kunye neerhafu ukwenzela ukuba enze indawo yeemarike zamahhala ukuchonga inkqubo yezenzo ezifanelekileyo. Nangona oku kungathetha ukutyunjwa kwexesha elifutshane, liza kulingana noqoqosho olude lwexesha elide.

Amaphuzu athathweyo

• Amanyathelo okulungiswa kwemali ayichitha ukuchithwa kunye nezinye iinkqubo eziphunyeziweyo ukwenzela ukunciphisa iindleko kunye nokuhlawula amatyala ahlawulwe.
• Iimpembelelo zamanyathelo ezinqabileyo kwezoqoqosho zihlala zizinzulu, zibetha ngaphezu koqoqosho lozwelonke.
• Kukho imbambano eqhubekayo malunga nokuba amanyathelo enkcenkcesha yindlela efanelekileyo yokuphuma kwetyala, ngokuchitha imali ibe yinye inketho.