Ukulinganiswa kwetyala-kuya-GDP ngokwayo kukulingana kunye netyala lemali elizweni lonke kwi-numerator kunye nomkhiqizo wayo wekhaya (GDP) kwi-denominator.
Ngoko ke, umlinganiselo we-debt-to-GDP we-1.0 (okanye i-100%) uthetha ukuba ityala lelizwe lilingana nomkhiqizo walo wekhaya. Ngokubanzi, umlinganiselo we-debt-to-GDP usetyenziselwa ukujonga impilo yezoqoqosho.
Kule nqaku, siza kujonga ngakumbi indlela yokuvavanya ukulinganiswa kwetyala lelizwe-kwe-GDP kunye nezinye iingqalelo kubatyalomali bamazwe ngamazwe.
Inkcazo yeRatio yeTyala elifanelekileyo ukuya kwi-GDP
Isiqingatha seTyala-kuya-GDP sisithuba esiqhelekileyo esisetyenziswa phakathi kwee-arhente zokulinganisa, kodwa ukuhlalutya umlinganiselo kungaba ngumsebenzi onzima kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, cinga ukuba i- Japan ye-2011-to-GDP ratio i-200%, kodwa uqoqosho lwayo lufumene ingqwalasela encinci, kodwa i-Greece kuphela i-160% kunye nee-arhente zokulinganisa ezininzi ziqikelela ukuwa kwayo. Izizathu zolu hluhluko ziyahluka, kodwa ziquka:
- Abathengi-matyala - Inani eliphakamileyo leetyala-ukuya kwi-GDP liyamkeleka xa abathengi betyala bengabarhwebi basemakhaya (abemi) okanye baphinda abathengi abanesizathu sokuthenga. Ngokomzekelo, abathengi baseJapan bangaphantsi kwaye umthengi wase-United States uthenge ityala lokugcina ibhanki efanelekileyo yokuthengisa kunye nomthengi wayo omkhulu.
- Ukukhula koqoqosho - Isilinganiselo esiphezulu se-debt-to-GDP siyamkeleka xa uqoqosho lukhula ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yokuba izabelo zalo ezizayo ziyakwazi ukuhlawula ityala ngokukhawuleza. Ngokomzekelo, ilizwe elicetywayo lokukhula u-5% ozayo kunyaka uza kubona ngokuthe ngqo umlinganiselo wokunciphisa, ngelixa ilizwe elijoliswe kwisivumelwano liya kubona likhula.
- ISicwangciso soNyathelo - Amazwe anecebo elifanelekileyo lokujongana nomyinge ophezulu we-debt-to-GDP angayifumana ingqalelo kwi-arhente yokulinganisa. Kodwa abo bengenaso icebo bahlala bejongana nokuhlaselwa okubukhali nokugxeka. Ngokomzekelo, iGrisi ngo-2011 yayingenaso isicwangciso sokusebenza esilungileyo kwaye sichaswa ngokukhawuleza kwiinkampani zorhwebo.
Ukuqala kweeMatyala ukuya kwi-GDP Iziqalo kunye neziSombululo
Amazwe angakwazi ukuzifumana exinekeke kwizinga eliphezulu le-debt-to-GDP ngezindlela ezininzi, ukusuka kuhlaselo olungalindelekanga ukuya kutshintsho olwenziwe ngabantu. Ukuxazulula ezi ngxaki kufuna enye yezinto ezimbini ezichaphazela ukulingana kwetyala-kuya-GDP ngokulinganayo (ngaphandle kokushicilela imali ngqo): Ukunciphisa imali ukunciphisa ityala okanye ukukhuthaza ukukhula ukwenzela ukwandisa umkhiqizo wekhaya.
Nazi ezinye zezizathu eziqhelekileyo zokulinganiswa kwamatyala aphezulu ukuya kwi-GDP:
- Ukuphungulwa okungalindelekanga - Amazwe akhula ngokukhawuleza angathatha amatyala amaninzi ukuze axhasane nokukhula, kodwa ukuphazamiseka okungalindelekanga kunokubanganisa ubukhulu obuphezulu obukwi-debt-to-GDP. Ngokomzekelo, i -stagnation yaseJapan emva kokukhula kwayo ngokukhawuleza kuma-1980 kwaphumela ekubeni ityala layo eliphakamileyo namhlanje.
- Utshintsho olwenziwa ngabantu - Abantu abaguga banokubeka umthwalo kwiinkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu, ezinokuhlawulwa ngenye inxalenye ngamatyala. Ngokomzekelo, inkqubo ye-US Social Security inexanduva elithile ngokunyuka kwayo kwindleko zikarhulumente kunye nokunyuka kwangaphambili kokunyuka kwe-debt-to-GDP ratio.
- Ulwabiwo-Rhulumente - Ukunyuswa kweendleko zikaRhulumente kunokukhokelela kwizinga eliphakamileyo lamatyala-ukuya kwi-GDP (okanye ukunyuka kwamaxabiso angaphezulu) xa bekhupha izinga lokukhula kwelizwe. Ngokomzekelo, oorhulumente bezentlalo-ntlalontle abafumana abaphambili bezentengiselwano banamathuba okunyusa imali yabo kwaye babone ukunyuka kwamaxabiso abo kwi-GDP.
Nazi ezinye izisombululo eziqhelekileyo kumyinge omkhulu we-debt-to-GDP:
- Nciphisa Ulwabiwo-Rhulumente - Ulawulo olunomlinganiselo omkhulu wetyala ukuya ku-GDP lunokunciphisa iindleko zokunciphisa umthwalo wabo wetyala. Nangona kunjalo, inkohliso ekunqumeni ukusetyenziswa kwemali ayiyikuthintela ukukhula kwaye iyanciphisa inxalenye ye-GDP ye-equation.
- Khuthaza ukuKhula - iibhanki eziphambili zingakhuthaza ukukhula ngokunciphisa amazinga enzala, leyo (ekuthethwa ngayo) ekukhokelela ekubolekeni imali ngokulula. Ukukhula okuphakamileyo kukwandisa ukuphela kwe-GDP ye-equation kunye nokunciphisa ipesenti ye-debt-to-GDP.
- Ukwandiswa kweNgeniso yerhafu - Oorhulumente angakwandisa irhafu njengendlela yokuhlawula amatyala. Kodwa kwakhona, ubuqhetseba kukunyusa iirhafu ngendlela engathinteli ukukhula kweGDP kunye nokunciphisa i-denominator kwi-equation.
Iingongoma eziPhambili zokuQonda ukuTyala kwi-GDP
- Ukulinganiswa kwetyala-kuya-GDP kukulingana kunye nenkokhelo enkulu yelizwe kumanani kunye nomkhiqizo wayo wekhaya (GDP) kwi-denominator.
- Umlinganiselo ophezulu we-debt-to-GDP awunzima kakhulu, nje ngokuba uqoqosho lwelizwe lukhula, kuba yindlela yokusebenzisa umgangatho wokuphucula ukukhula kwexesha elide.
- Amazwe angakwazi ukuqhuba iingxaki ngeerati-to-GDP ratios ngeendlela ezininzi, kubandakanywa ukuphazamiseka okungalindelekanga, utshintsho lwezenzo okanye ukuchitha ngokweqile.
- Kukho iindlela eziliqela zokujongana nomlinganiselo ophezulu weetyala-kuya ku-GDP, kubandakanywa imali engaphantsi kwekarhulumente, ukukhuthaza ukukhula, okanye ukunyuka kwengeniso yerhafu.