Uqoqosho lweJapan: i-Abenomics, Recession and Impact kwi-Economics yase-US

7 Iinkcukacha zezoqoqosho zaseJapan

Uqoqosho lwamaJapan luvelise i-$ 5.4 trillion ngo-2017, njengoko lilinganiswa ngumbono wokuthenga amandla . Oku kwenza uqoqosho lwesihlanu ngobukhulu behlabathi emva kweChina , i- European Union , i-United States ne- Indiya . Akusikho kwizinga lokufikelela, kuba likhula li-1.5 kuphela.

IJapan inebantu abayizigidi ezingama-27. I- GDP yayo nganye i $ 42,700, okanye i-41 kwihlabathi. Oko kuthetha ukuba imilinganiselo yokuphila isezantsi kune-United States okanye i-EU, kodwa iphezulu kuneChina okanye yaseMzantsi Korea.

IJapan ineqoqosho oluxubileyo olusekelwe kwi- capitalism , nangona urhulumente walo isebenza ngokusondeleyo kunye nezoshishino. Enyanisweni, ukusetyenziswa kwebhanki ephakathi kukulingana neepesenti ezingama-18 zomkhiqizo wekhaya . Ubangele phantse wonke urhulumente obolekayo.

Iimveliso ezinkulu zaseJapan zihamba ngeemoto, iimveliso zensimbi kunye ne-semiconductors. Iinjongo zayo eziphambili zi-oyile kunye negesi yendalo.

Abenomics

NgoDisemba 26, 2012, uShinzo Abe waba nguNkulumbuso waseJapan okwesibini. Ixesha lakhe lokuqala lalingu-2006 ukuya ku-2007. Uphumelele ngo-2012 ngokuthembisa ukulungiswa koqoqosho ukuze agubungele ilizwe ngaphandle kweminyaka engama-20.

"I- Abenomics " ineengxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko, ezibizwa ngokuba "iintolo ezintathu."

Okokuqala, u-Abe wayala iBhanki yaseJapan ukuba iqalise imigaqo- mali eyongeziweyo ngokunciphisa ukulingana . Owehlisa ixabiso le yen ukusuka ku-$ .013 ngo-2012 ukuya kwi-$ .0083 ngo-Meyi 2013. Oku kuchazwe ngokwexabiso le dollar, eliphakanyisiwe ukusuka ku-76.88 yen ukuya kwi-120.18 yen.

(Umthombo: "IJapan kwiBrink," iThe Wall Street Journal, ngoNovemba 19, 2014.)

Ukwenza i-yen ixabiso elithengiweyo kufuneka liye landa ii-export. Amanani abo awela kwii-dollar terms, ekwenzeni ukuncintisana ngexabiso. Kodwa iinkampani zaseJapan azizange zandise iintengiso njengoko kulindelwe. Ezinye iinkampani azizange zinciphise amaxabiso angaphandle.

Baxakeka inzuzo kule ndawo. Abanye babesele basebenzisa amafektri angaphandle kwiindawo eziphantsi kweendleko, ngoko ukuhlaziywa akuzange kuncede. Kanti abanye abazange bancedwe ngenxa yokuba batshintshe umveliso kwimarike yabo, njengeToyota eya eMelika.

Ukuhlaziywa kwamonakalisa amabhizinisi aseJapan ngokuxhomekeke ekungeniseni. Iindleko zabo zavuka. Kwaba buhlungu nabathengi, abakufuneka bahlawule ngaphezulu ukuthengiswa kwezinto. (Umthombo: "I-Volume of Export Volume Falls yaseYapan naphezu kobuthathaka," iThe Wall Street Journal, ngoDisemba 17, 2014. )

Okwesibini, u-Abe waqalisa umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali . Wandisa ukwanda kweziseko zophuhliso. Uthembise ukunyusa ukunyuka kwama-Japines ka-225 ekhulwini kwi- debt-to-GDP ratio kunye neerhafu zerhafu zabathengi ngo-2014. Ngokukhawuleza ubuyele umnotho kwilizwe.

Ngo-2016, wachitha enye i-$ 276 yezigidigidi. Kuloo, iibhiliyoni ezingama-202 zikarhulumente zenkqubo zemboleko. Bonke abanye baya kwizakhiwo zakhiwo. Oko kubandakanya ukwakhiwa kwesitimela semaganetic. (Umthombo: "I-Japan ye-$ 276 Billion Stimulus Plan i-Smaller Than It Looks," I-CNN Imali, ngo-Agasti 2, ngo-2016. "IJapan izisa iMilinganiselo engakumbi yeSimo soMnotho," iNew York Times, ngo-Agasti 2, 2016.))

Okwesithathu, u-Abe wathembisa ukulungiswa kwesakhiwo. Wathembisa ukuphucula imveliso yezolimo yaseJapane.

Uthe uya kunciphisa ixabiso kunye nokwandisa ubukhulu bezakhiwo. Oko kumenza amelane ne-lobby lobby lobby. Kodwa ngowama-2015 iCentral Union yoBambiswano bezoLimo (JA-Zenchu) yavuma ukunciphisa amandla ayo kumafama. Oku kuvumela urhulumente ukuba akhuthaze iindlela zokusebenza ezifanelekileyo. UAbe uthathe inxaxheba kwi- Trans-Pacific Partnership . (Umthombo: "U-Abe's Third Arrow Ufumana uMarko Wakhe," I-Wall Street Journal, ngoFebruwari 11, 2015. "Indlela Uqoqosho LwaseJapan Luthathela Ngamadlelo," iJapan Times , ngoDisemba 25, 2014.)

Iinkalo ezisixhenxe zezoqoqosho zaseJapan

Ezi zixhenxe zilandelayo zikhusela ukukhula kweJapan. I-Abe kufuneka ijongane nale mingeni yokubuyisela ukukhula.

1. U-Keiretsu ngubudlelwane obudibeneyo obudibeneyo phakathi kwabavelisi, ababoneleli nabahambisa. Oku kuvumela ukuba umenzi - mandla onjenge-monopoly alawulwe ulawulo lokunikezela . Iyanciphisa kwakhona impembelelo yamandla emarike yamahhala. Abantu abatsha abanokuzikhuphisana ne-keiretsus ephantsi. Kwakhona kubangela ukuba utyalo-mali oluthe ngqo lwangaphandle lucacise.

1. Umsebenzi oqinisekileyo wokuphila kwenzelwe ukuba iinkampani ziqeshwe ngabafundi abagqwesileyo bekholejini abaye bahlala kude kube ngumhlalaphantsi. Ukwehla kwemali kwenza ukuba isicwangciso singenzi inzuzo. Ngo-2014, kuphela i-8.8 ekhulwini yeenkampani zaseJapan zanikela. Kodwa abasebenzi abayizigidi ezingama-45 ukuya ku-65 basesebenza phantsi kwenkqubo. Uninzi luye lwaye lwaluphelile izakhono kwaye luhamba nje ukuya kutshatyalaliswa. Ukunyusa ukukhuphisana kwamashishini kunye nokuzuza ngokunyusa ngokukhawuleza umvuzo wabasebenzi.
2. Ubuninzi bentsholongwane kuthetha ukuba ilizwe kufuneka lihlawule iintlawulo ezininzi zomhlalaphantsi kunokuba zifumene irhafu yengeniso kubasebenzi basebenzayo. Iqesha abasebenzi bexeshana kumazwe akufuphi aseMzantsi Afrika kodwa abamkeli abasemzini. Oku kunciphisa isiseko sabathengi. (Umthombo: "Ukuchaswa kweJapane: Ukungaphumeleli kweNguqulelo," I-Stratfor Worldview, Septemba 30, 2015.)
3. I- yen ithwala ukuthengiswa yiphumo le-Japan. Abatyalomali baboleka imali kwi-yen eendleko eziphantsi kwaye batyala imali kwiirharenti eziphezulu, ezifana neDola yaseMelika. Ngesizathu esinye ixabiso ledoli liye laphakama ama-15 ekhulwini ngo-2014. I-yen ephantsi ngokuqhelekileyo ikhulisa intengo yezinto ezivela ngaphandle, okubangela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Kodwa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso eoli ngo-2014 kwakuthetha ukuba i-BOJ yayingenako ukukhathazeka malunga nokunyuka kwexabiso, kwaye ikwazi ukugcina amaxabiso aphantsi.
4. Ubungakanani bentengo yeJokane-kuya-GDP ibonisa ukuba iJapan ihlawulwa ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabini njengoko ivelisa ngonyaka. Umnini omkhulu kunamatyala akhe yiBhanki yaseJapan. Oku kuye kwavumela ilizwe ukuba liqhubeke lichitha ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngamanani amanqanaba aphezulu afunwa ngababolekisi abakhulu.
5. IJapan ngokufutshane yaba ngumboneleli omkhulu kwi-US ngonyaka ka-2015 kwakhona ngo-2017. IJapan yenza oku ukugcina i-yen isiqingatha esiphantsi kwidola ukuphucula amazwe angaphandle.
6. Umthengisi wokutya onqabileyo omkhulu wehlabathi kukuba iJapane inomhlaba wesithathu nje ngomhlaba ngomntu ngamnye njengeChina.

Lweshumi Elilahlekileyo LaseJapan

NgoJanuwari 1990, iimakethe zaseJapan zatshatyalaliswa. Ixabiso lePropati lawa ngama-87 ekhulwini Ibhanki yaseJapan yalwa. Ihla inzala yenzalo ukusuka kwipesenti ukuya kwi-0.5 ekhulwini ngo-1995. Akuzange ivuselele uqoqosho kuba abantu babeboleke kakhulu ukuba bathenge i-real estate ngexesha lebhola. Basebenzisa amaxabiso aphantsi ukuhlaziya ityala elidala. Ababoleke ukuthenga ngaphezulu. (Umthombo: "IiRhafu zaseNtanethi zaseJapan," iBhanki yeStar Reserve yaseSt. Louis.)

Urhulumente wazama umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali. Yichitha ezindleleni ezinkulu kunye nezinye izibonelelo. Eyadala ukulingana kwamatyala aphezulu ukuya ku-GDP. (Umthombo: "Ukubeka iJapan yeLifa elilahlekileyo kwiMbono," iNPR, ngoFebruwari 24, 2009.)

Ngo-2005, iinkampani zazilungise ama-sheets. Ngo-2007, uqoqosho lwaseJapan lwaqala ukuphucula. Kwakuyi-2.1 ekhulwini ngo-2007, kwaye i-3.2 ekhulwini kwi-Q1 2008, ekhokelela abaninzi ukuba bakholelwe ekugqibeleni bekhulile kwiminyaka engama-20.

Inkcitho yemali ka-2008 ithumele ukukhula kwe-GDP ukukhupha i-12,9 ekhulwini kwikota yesine. Kwakuyinto ehla kakhulu kunaye ukususela ngowe-1974. Ukuwa kwezoqoqosho kweJapan kwaxhatshazwa, kuba ukukhula kwe-Q3 bekuphantsi kwe-0,1 ekhulwini, emva kokuhla kwepesenti ezi-2.4 kwi- Q2 2008 . Ukutshatyalaliswa okukhulu kunokubangelwa ukutshatyalaliswa kwamanye amazwe kwii-electronics zabathengi kunye nokuthengiswa kwemoto. Eli candelo lalingama-16 ekhulwini loqoqosho lwaseJapan. Kwakuyimpembelelo yokuphucula ukuvuselela kwezoqoqosho ukususela ngo-2002 ukuya ku-2008.

Ukuzamazama komhlaba, iTunami kunye ne-Fukushima Disaster Impact

Ngo-Matshi 11, 2011, iJapan yabhekana nesantyikima se-9.0 . Yadala i-tsunami engama-100 enyawo ekhukula inkunkuma yamandla enyukliya yeFukushima. Kwenzeke njengoko uqoqosho lwaseJapan lwaluvela kwi-Recession Great. Ngo-2010, i-GDP yanda ngamaphesenti amathathu enempilo. Kwakunokukhula okukhawulezayo kwiminyaka engama-20.

IJapan yalahlekelwa yintlobo yesiseko sayo sombane xa ivala phantse zonke izityalo zamandla enyukliya emva kwenyikima. Uqoqosho ludla u-0.5 ekhulwini ngo-2011 njengoko ukuveliswa kwezinto kuye kwancipha ngenxa yentlekele.

Indlela Echaphazela Ngayo Uqoqosho Lwase-US

I-Bhanki yaseJapan yayisona sikhulu semali se-US esona sikhulu kunazo zonke kwaze kwaba yilapho i-China ithathe indawo esikhundleni sayo ngo-2008. IJapan kunye neChina zenza oku ukulawula ixabiso leemali zabo malunga nedola. Kumele zigcine iimpahla zazo zithengiswa ngokuthe ngqo. Kodwa le qhinga liqhube i-matyala eJapan ukuya kuma-182 ekhulwini kwi-GDP imveliso phambi kwe-Abenomics.

I-yen ephantsi yenza i-Japan yoshishino lomoto ngokukhuphisana kakhulu. Esi sizathu esinye sokuba iToyota yaba inombolo # 1 ye-automaker kwihlabathi ngo-2007. Kodwa ukuba ibhanki ephambili yaseJapan inquma ukuba i-yen ephantsi ayikhuphuli ukukhula, kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso eoli, ngoko iyakwazi ukuqinisa i-yen ukunciphisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Kuza kuthengwa izibophelelo ezimbalwa zeNondyebo . Oku kuya kuvumela ukuba ivuno likhule, kwaye ikhulise iirhafu ze-US.