Ingakanani iChina echaphazela ngokwenene uqoqosho lwe-US
I-China inabantu abayi-1.38 bhiliyoni, ngaphezu kweyiphi na ilizwe ehlabathini. I-China isele ilizwe elihluphekayo ngokwemigangatho yokuphila kwayo . Uqoqosho lwayo luvelisa i-16 600 zamaRandi ngomntu ngamnye, xa kuthelekiswa ne- GDP ye- US nganye nge-$ 59,500.
Umgangatho ophantsi wokuphila uvumela iinkampani zaseChina ukuba zihlawule abasebenzi abangaphantsi kwabasebenzi baseMerika. Oko kwenza imikhiqizo engabizi, eyenza abenzi bezilwandle abangaphandle kwamanye amazwe ukuba baphumelele kwiChina. Emva koko bathumela iimpahla ezigqityiweyo ukuya eUnited States, iqabane elikhulu lezorhwebo laseChina.
Udidi lwezoqoqosho lweChina
I-China yakha ukukhula kwayo kwezoqoqosho kwiindleko eziphantsi kweendleko zempahla kunye nezixhobo. Inkcitho enkulu karhulumente iya kwiinkampani zikarhulumente ukuba zitshise abo bathengayo. Ezi nkampani zikarhulumente zinenzuzo engaphantsi kuneefisi ezizimeleyo. Babuya kuphela kuma-4.9 ekhulwini kwi-asethi xa kuthelekiswa nama-13.2 ekhulwini kwiinkampani ezizimeleyo.
Ezi nkampani zilawula amashishini abo. Ziquka iinkampani ezinkulu zamandla amathathu: PetroChina, iSinopec kunye ne-China National Offshore Oil Corporation.
I-China yavelisa izixeko ezijikeleze ezi zinyithi ukukhangela abasebenzi. Ngenxa yoko, enye yesine yezoqoqosho zaseChina yindawo yokuhlala.
Urhulumente uxhaswa ngemali yokwakha izithuthi kunye nezinye iziseko zokuxhasa ukukhula. Ngenxa yoko, ithengise imali eninzi yezinto eziphathekayo, njenge-aluminium nobhedu.
Ngo-2013, i-10 ekhulwini yokukhula konyaka yatshitshiswa ukuba ibe yi-bubble. Yilapho i-China ikhangelelene nokulungiswa koqoqosho .
IiRhwebo zaseChina
I-China iphinda iphinda ibe yindawo ephakamileyo yokuthumela ngaphandle ngonyaka we-2017, xa ikhupha i-$ 2.2 trillion yemveliso yayo.
I-EU yenza ngokukhawuleza ithatha indawo ye-Nombolo 1 ngo-2016. Ngoku iyesibini, i-exporting $ 1.9 trillion. I-United States yesithathu, i-export $ 1.6 trillion.
I-China yathumela i-18 ekhulwini yayo yokuthumela kuma-United States ngo-2017. Oku kwafaka isandla kwi- $ 375 yezigidigidi zeentengiso . Intengiso yaseTshayina neHong Kong yayininzi (iipesenti ezili-14). Intengiso yayo kunye neJapan (iipesenti ezi-6) kunye ne-South Korea (i-4,5 ekhulwini) yayingaphantsi.
I-China ikhuthaze urhwebo kunye neentlanga zaseAfrika, ukutshala imali kwiziseko zabo ngokubuyisela ioli. Yandisa izivumelwano zorhwebo kunye neentla-mpuma zaseAsia kunye namazwe amaninzi aseLatin. Kungenxa yoko uMongameli Obama uqalise isivumelwano sohwebo lweTrans-Pacific Partnership . Akubandakanyi iChina. Enye yeenjongo zayo kukulinganisa amandla aseChina kulo mmandla. Ngomhla kaJanuwari 2017, uMongameli uTumpump waphuma kwi-TPP. Kodwa amanye amazwe aye aqhubeka nawo.
I-China yenza ezininzi zokuveliswa kwamashishini angaphandle, kuquka iinkampani zase-US. Zithumela izinto eziluhlaza kwiChina. Abasebenzi bezakhiwo basebenza iimveliso zokugqibela baze babuyisele eUnited States. Ngale ndlela, ininzi yeChina ebizwa ngokuba "ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle" yimveliso yaseMelika.
I-China ngokuyinhloko ithumela izixhobo zombane kunye nezinye iintlobo zamatshini.
Oku kubandakanya iikhomputha kunye nezixhobo zokucubungula idatha kunye ne-optical kunye nezixhobo zonyango. Iphinde iphinde ithumele iingubo, iingubo kunye nezindwangu. Nguye umthengisi omkhulu kwihlabathi.
Imveliso yaseChina
I-China yinto yesibini yelizwe elithumela phambili. Ngo-2017, wangenisa i-$ 1.7 yezigidigidi. I-United States, ihlabathi elikhulu, lingenisa ama-2.3 trillion. I-China ingenisa iimpahla eziluhlaza ezivela kwiLatin America nase-Afrika. Ezi ziquka ioli kunye namanye amafutha, i-ores zetsimbi, iiplastiki kunye neekhemikhali eziphilayo. Nguye umthengisi omkhulu wehlabathi we-aluminium nobhedu.
Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zaseTshayina kwenzile ukuqhuma kwehlabathi jikelele kwiimigodi kunye nolimo. Ngelishwa, ababoneleli-abavelisileyo, abadala ukubonelela. Ngenxa yoko, amaxabiso akhankanywe ngo-2015. Njengoko ukukhula kwe-China kuphuculwa, amaxabiso ezinveliso ezisetyenziswe ekuveliseni, ezifana nezitye, ziya kulahla.
Isabelo seShayina seNdawo yokuThengwa kweeMveliso ngo-2014/2015
Impahla | Ukwabiwa kweNdawo yokuSebenza |
|---|---|
Aluminium | 54% |
Nickel | 50% |
ICopper | 48% |
Zinc, Tin | 46% nganye |
Sensimbi | 45% |
Khokela | 40% |
Cotton | 31% |
Rice | 30% |
Golide | 23% |
Umbona | 22% |
Ngqolowa | 17% |
Ioli | 12% |
I-China ithinta njani uqoqosho lwe-US
I-China yinkampani enkulu yelizwe laseMelika ye-Treasury . NgoJanuwari 2018, iChina yayinayo i-$ 1.2 trillion kwi-Treasurys. I-19 ekhulwini letyala likawonkewonke eligcinwe ngamazwe angaphandle. Ityala le-US eliya kwelaseChina liphantsi kune-record-high ye $ 1.3 trillion eyayibanjwe ngoNovemba 2013.
I-China ithengisa ityala le-US ukuxhasa ixabiso lentela . Oku kungenxa yokuba i-China igxotha imali yayo (i yuan ) kwiDola yama-US . Ixabisa imali xa ifunekayo ukugcina amaxabiso ayo okuthumela ngaphandle.
Indima yaseChina njengowomninimzi omkhulu waseBhanki unika umgangatho . Ngokomzekelo, i-China isongela ukuthengisa indawo yayo xa i-United States icinezela ukuba iphakanyise ixabiso le-yuan. Ukususela ngo-2005, i-China iphakanyise ixabiso le- yuan ngama- 33 ekhulwini malunga ne-dollar . Phakathi kuka-2014 no-2016, amandla edoli ayanda ngama-25 ekhulwini. Ukunyuka kwaphoqelelwa iChina ukuba idle i yuan. Oku kuqinisekisiwe ukuba ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwakuza kubakho ukukhuphisana ngentengo kunye nalabo abavela kumazwe ase-Asia abangazange abophe imali yabo kwiidola.
I-United States ihlala ichitshilo iChina yeZenzo zoRhwebo ezingenamthetho
Ngomkhankaso wokongameli we-2016 , umviwa waseRiphablikhi uDonald Trump uxelele iChina yezoqoqosho zorhwebo. Watshitshisa ukubetha i-30 yeepesenti yentlawulo kuzo zonke iintengiso zaseTshayina. Iingxoxo zoshishino zaseChina zazingalunganga nazo zazingumxholo oshisayo ngexesha lempikiswano yomongameli ka - 2012 . Ngethuba le mpikiswano, uMongameli uBrazil wachaza ngendlela iSebe laseRhwebo lase-US liphumelele ngayo iimbambano ezininzi kwi- World Trade Organisation ngokubhekiselele kwizenzo ezingalunganga ezibandakanya amathayi, insimbi kunye nezinye izinto. I- WTO ineenkqubo ezithile zokulungisa iingxabano zorhwebo .
Ezi zityholo aziyinto entsha. Ngo-2007, iSebe lezoRhwebi lalisongela ukufaka iintlawulo zerhafu kwiiShayina. Ngokomzekelo, wamangalela iChina yokulahla iincwadi zamanye amazwe kwi-United States. ISebe lezoRhwebi lathi iChina yanikezela ngokusesikweni ama-10-20 kweepesenti kubenzi bayo bephepha elilumkileyo elisetyenziswe kwiincwadi nakwiimagazini. Umthamo wezorhwebo wawukhulile i-177 ekhulwini ngonyaka. I-New-Corporation yaseNtshonalanga yeSebe lase-United States yilethe ityala lokulahla kwiSebe lezorhwebo. Yathi ayikwazi ukukhuphisana namaxabiso ancedisiweyo.
Umongameli waseMelika u- Henry Paulson wayeqeshwe ngo-2006 ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwezorhwebo neChina. Waqalisa "i-Dialogue yoQoqosho-qhinga" ukuvula imarike yaseTshayina, ingakumbi ibhankini layo. Wayenempumelelo emininzi. Wakhuthaza iinkokheli zakwaTshayina ukuphakamisa ixabiso le- yuan xa kuthelekiswa nedola lama-20 ekhulwini phakathi kuka-2005 no-2008. Baye baphula i-rebate ye-tax percent ye-17%. Bandise imfuneko yendawo yokugcina ibhanki kwi-12 ekhulwini. Baye batyala imali engama-3 bhiliyoni kwi-US Blackstone Group.
Kutheni IsiChina Senza Ngokuzithandela Ukunciphisa Ukukhula Kwalo
Ngo-2017, izinga lokukhula kwezoqoqosho laseChina lancipha ukuya kuma-6.8 ekhulwini. Ngaphambi ko-2013, iChina yayinandipha iminyaka engama-30 yokukhula kwamadidi. Kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwekarhulumente kwakuyimpembelelo eyayikhupha. Urhulumente wabuye wamisela iibhanki zayo ukubonelela ngexabiso elincinci lokubuyisela ukukhusela ishishini elicwangcisiweyo. Yakha utyalo-mali lwezoshishino kwiimpahla ezinkulu. Kwakhona kwakhokelela ekunyuseni kwamanani, ukunyuka kwexabiso lempahla , ukukhula koluntu ityala kunye nokungcola okukhulu.
Ugxininiso lukaRhulumente ekudalweni kwemisebenzi lishiye imali encinci kwiinkqubo zentlalontle yoluntu. Ngenxa yoko, abantu baseTshayina baphoqeleka ukuba basindise umhlalaphantsi. Abazange bachithe, baqhekeze iimfuno zasemakhaya. Ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwezinto zokuthenga, uChina wayenyanzelekile ukuba athembele kumazwe angaphandle ukuvelisa ukukhula.
Uninzi lwalo lukhula kwimizi ecaleni kolwandle lwaseMpumalanga. Ezi ndawo zasezidolophini zikhangele abasebenzi abayizigidi ezingama-250 abafudukela kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni. Iinkokheli zaseShayina kufuneka ziqhubeke nokudala imisebenzi kubo bonke aba basebenzi okanye zijongane nezibandezelo. Bakhumbula uMao's Revolution konke kakuhle. Urhulumente kufuneka anikezele iinkonzo ezentlalo, ukuvumela abasebenzi ukuba basindise ngaphantsi baze bachithe ngaphezulu. Ukunyuka kwindleko zangaphakathi kuphela kuya kwenza ukuba iChina ibe yinto engathembekanga kwii-export.
Ukongezelela, iinkokeli kufuneka zitshintshwe phantsi kweenkohlakalo zendawo. Bamele bafumane iindlela zokuphucula impembelelo yokusingqongileyo. Iinkokeli ziye zaqalisa inkqubo yombane yamandla enyukliya kunye nenye indlela yokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwioli ecocekileyo kunye neoli. I-China isayine i-Paris Climate Accord. Zonke ezi zinyathelo ziyingxenye yokuguqulwa kwezoqoqosho eChina .
I-China yayiphephe ukuKhusela okuKhulu
Ngexesha leengxaki zemali ka-2008 , i-China yathembisa i-yuan ezine-trillion ezingama-4, malunga ne-$ 580 yezigidigidi, ukukhuthaza uqoqosho lwayo ukukhusela umnotho . Imali yayimele iipesenti ezingama-20 zentengo yezoqoqosho yonyaka we-China. Yaya kwizindlu eziphantsi kwezindlu, izakhiwo ezisemaphandleni kunye nokwakhiwa kweendlela, izitimela kunye neenqwelo-moya.
I-China nayo yandisa ukunyuswa kweerhafu kumatshini, ukugcina amashishini angama-120 ezigidi ze-yuan. I-China yaphakamisa zombini amaxabiso kunye namaxabiso okusanhlamvu kumafama, kwakunye nezibonelelo zabemi abahlala kwiidolophu eziphantsi. Ibhanki yayo ephambili nayo yawahlawula amanqanaba emdla ngokuphindwe kathathu kwiinyanga ezimbini.
Iphelile i-quotas yemali-mboleko yeebhanki ukwenzela ukwandisa imali encinci yokuboleka imali. Kodwa ngoku iinkampani zaseChina zithwala ukubuyisela loo matyala. Intlawulo yabucala / ityala likarhulumente lixesha eliphindwe kabini nangesiqingatha ngaphezu kweGDP yalo.
I-Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
I-Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ibambiswano lomkhosi wase-Asia elijongene nobugandlo kunye nokuthengiswa kweziyobisi ngexesha lixhasa izivumelwano zorhwebo . Amalungu ayo asebenzisana nobunzima kwaye adibanisa nemikhosi yokulwa nemibutho yobundlobongela kunye ne-cyber-terrorism. Inguqulo yeChina ye- NATO, i- North Atlantic Treaty Organisation .
Amalungu ayo yiTshayina, iRashiya , kunye namazwe emida. Lawa angamaKazakhstan, eKyrgyzstan, eTajikistan nase-Uzbekistan. NgoJuni 2016, iNdiya nePakistan zamukelwe njengamalungu. Iqela limele malunga nesiqingatha sabemi behlabathi. Kwakhona ngamalungu amane (iRashiya, iChina, iIndiya, nePakistan) enezixhobo zenukliya.
Ngenxa yoko, amazwe amaninzi asondeleyo nawo athatha inxaxheba. Bangabakho ababukeleyo, abalingani beengxoxo, okanye abahamba kwiindwendwe. Abaqapheli bayinkqubo yokuba ngamalungu apheleleyo. Ziquka i-Afghanistan, iBelarus, i-Iran kunye neMongolia. Iinjongo zentsebenziswano ezintandathu zeDialogue Partners kodwa abafuni ukuba ngamalungu. ZiyiArmenia, iAzerbaijan, iCambodia, iNepal, iSri Lanka kunye neTurkey. Abahlali beNdwendwe bathatha inxaxheba kwiifomethi. Amalungu abo afaka i- ASEAN , iCIS kunye neTurkmenistan.