UNobhala we-Nondyebo wase-United States

by Kimberly Amadeo

Yintoni eyenziwa nguHamilton kunye nabanye abalobi bezimali?

UNobhala we-Nondyebo wase-US nguye oyintloko kwigosa likarhulumente. Kulo msebenzi, umsebenzi wakhe (okwangoku, akukho bafazi abakhonze kule ofisi) kukunyamekela nokulawula ityala likarhulumente , nangona akanakho ukulawula ukuchitha imali kunye nokulahleka. Uqokelela irhafu, nangona engayifaki umgaqo-nkqubo werhafu. Ubhala imali kunye nokuvelisa imali, nangona engenzi imali . Nangona kunjalo, abaNobhala beNondyebo kwimbali yethu yesizwe baye badlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwabanobhala beeNobhala beeNondyebo, ukusuka ku-Alexander Hamilton ukuya kuSteve Mnuchin.

01 UNobhala wezeNondyebo wokuqala u-Alexander Hamilton (1789 - 1795)

U-Alexander Hamilton wayengunobhala weNondyebo wokuqala. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala kwakukuhlawula ityala le-$ 50 yezigidi e-US eyayifake ukuhlawula iMfazwe yeNguqulelo. Kwakhona wathatha ama-debt debts. Olu xanduva lusekwe ilizwe elitsha njengelungelo lokuthenga ngetyala, ukuvumela utyalo-mali olufunekayo lwangaphandle olukwakha uqoqosho lohlanga.

UHamilton wahlawula ityala ngokukhupha iibhondi zokuqala zikaMninimzi wase-US, kwaye ngokuseka iirhafu zokuqala - kotywala. Wadala i-mint yokuqala ye-federal, ukukhupha imali yesizwe. Kananjalo waphumelela ngokubhekisele kwibhanki yokuqala ye-United States, ngoko urhulumente waseburhulumenteni uza kuba neendawo ezikhuselekileyo zokugcina imali.

Umbono kaHamilton wawungenxa yokuba urhulumente wephondo ulawulo lwezopolitiko kwilizwe. Kwakhona wanyusa eli lizwe elitsha ukuba lihambele kwezoqoqosho. Wayenamalungelo okukhusela amashishini amasha, kwaye ukwandisa ukuthengiswa kwempahla ukuze uncede ukuqala amashishini amatsha.

02 Salmon Chase (1861 - 1864)

USalmon Chase wayengunobhala weSebe lezeMali phantsi koMongameli Abraham Lincoln. Wenza izinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo: wadala inkqubo yebhanki yelizwe kwaye waqulunqa imali yemaphepha esetyenziswayo namhlanje. Njengabanobhala beeNobhala beeNondyebo, wancedisa ukulwa nemfazwe - kule meko, iMfazwe yombango ngexabiso leedola ezigidi ezingama-500. Wenza njalo, nangona wayechasene nemfazwe, kwaye wayeyi-activist anti-slavery.

U-Chase wadala i-bill yokuqala ye-dollar kwinyanga ka-1861, kwaye waqinisekisa ukuba inqaku elithi "KuThixo Sithemba" lifakwe isitampu kulo. Inkumbulo yakhe, i-bill ye-$ 10,000 yanyatheliswa ngobuso bayo ukususela ngo-1928-1946. Igama lakhe lihlala egameni likaJPMorgan Chase, ekubeni iChase Manhattan Bank yayisithiwa emva kwayo. (Umthombo: uJoshua Brown, uReformed Broker, uNobhala weNondyebo obalulekileyo kunazo zonke ongazange uzizwele)

03 Andrew Mellon (1921- 1932)

U-Andrew Mellon umsebenzi wokuqala njengoNobhala Wezezimali ukunciphisa ityala le-federal elibangelwa yiMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Wathi, "abantu ngokubanzi kufuneka babe nomdla ngakumbi ekuncedeni imali karhulumente kunokuba bayisebenzise."

Waqala ukucetyiswa ngecandelo lokubonelela ngeenkonzo ngo-1924 encwadini yakhe, "Intlawulo: Ibhizinisi Labantu." Wabiza ngokuthi "irhafu yenzululwazi." Uthe isityebi sasingasebenzisa ukutywa kweerhafu ukuqesha abantu abaninzi. Oku kuya kuphucula uqoqosho ngaphezu kokunciphisa irhafu kwabampofu.

Ukongezelela, ixabiso lentlawulo ephantsi liyakukhuthaza abantu abaninzi ukuba balandele umthetho kwaye bahlawule irhafu. Wawunciphisa umyinge ophezulu ukusuka kuma-73 ekhulwini ngo-1922 ukuya kuma-24 ekhulwini ngo-1929.

Njengelungu le-exo officio yeBhodi yeBhodi yeBhodi yokuThengisa , wayenomdla wokunyuka kwamazinga okunyusa ukuba kuphengululwe ingqiqo ngo-1929. I-Fed yaqhubeka ikhulisa amaxabiso nangona uqoqosho lwasungula umnotho ngo-Agasti. Oku kwakhokelela ekutyekeni kwemakethe ye-stock market ngo-Oktobha . (Umthombo: "Andrew Mellon," Umlando weNgcaciso yeSigqeba.)

04 Henry Morgenthau (1934 - 1945)

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UHenry Morgenthau nguNobhala weNondyebo phantsi koMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt noHarry Truman. Wayengumlobi-mbambano weNew Deal , inkqubo yokusetyenziswa kolukhuni eyenzelwe ukudala imisebenzi , isetyenziselwe ukukhuselwa kwezentlalo nokuphelisa ukuCaluleka koMkhulu ka-1929 . UMorgenthau wayejongene nokuthengiswa kwemibutho yemfazwe ukuxhasa iMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Emva kwemfazwe, wacetyiswa iSicwangciso seMorgenthau sokuthintela iJamani ekuphuhliseni amandla oqoqosho ukuze kube yinto engasongelwa ngumkhosi kwakhona. Kwakunzima kakhulu. Yacetyisa ukuba iJamani ihlulwe ibe ngamazwe amabini, amashishini ayo ahlanganiswe ngamazwe angomakhelwane, kwaye aphucule ngokucacileyo umgangatho wokuphila. U-Truman wayechasa ubunzima besicwangciso, kodwa inxalenye yokugqibela yaphunyezwa. Umyalelo wawuvinjelwe uncedo kumafama aseJamani kwaye wawunqanda ukuveliswa kweoli, iinqwelo zeerubha, iimpahla zorhwebo kunye neenqwelo-moya ukuya ku-1947. (Umthombo: i-United States iHolocaust Memorial Museum, uHenry Morgenthau)

05 Larry Summers (1999 - 2001)

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ULarry Summers nguNobhala weNondyebo kaMongameli uBill Clinton ukususela ngo-1999-2001. Ukujongana kwakhe nokupheliswa komthetho we- Glass-Steagall Act , owavumela iibhanki ukuba zityale kwiimpahla ezinobungozi ezifana nezibophelelo zetyala . Ixesha laseKhaya kwakukho ummeli okhuselekileyo wokulungiswa kweemvelaphi . Esi sizathu esenza ukuba izikhulu zikaRhulumente zazingacingi ukuba ukuwa kwe-mortgage subprime kuya kufakwa kwi-jikelele jikelele. Bengazi kakuhle ukuba kusetyenziswe kangakanani ukusetyenziswa kwemali ye- credit swaps kunye nezinye iziphumo ezingalawulwayo.

06 UHank Paulson (2006 - 2009)

UHank Paulson wacelwa ukuba abe nguNobhala Wezezimali nguMongameli uGeorge W. Bush ngo-2006. Wayenqwenela ukushiya isikhundla sakhe njenge-CEO yeGoldman Sachs, kodwa amava akhe kwenkampani yamnika ulwazi olunzulu oluya kuba luncedo xa u- . Wayekhokela iinjongo zokuxhaswa kunye nokusebenzisa ubudlelwane bakhe kwi-bhishini lokubhankqalaza ukuba abanyanzele ukuba bamkele ubunikazi boorhulumente ukuba bakhusele amabhanki athathaka ngokuthembeka kwamandla. Ngaphambi kwenkathazo yezemali, waphatha izibhengezo zerhafu zaseBush ekuqaleni kuka-2008. Uye wagxekwa ngokubanzi ngokukwenza okuninzi, njengokukhwela ibhanki kunye nokungenzi ngokwaneleyo, njengokuvumela ukuba uLehman Brothers angaphumeleli.

07 Tim Geithner (2009 - 2013)

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UTim Geithner wakhonza phantsi koMongameli uBarack Obama ngexesha lokuqala kwelo ofisi. Kwinyanga emva kokuba athathe i-ofisi, waqalisa i-$ 2 trillion yeSicwangciso soPhuculo lwezeMali , usebenzisa imali evela kwinkqubo ye- TARP . Ngaphambi kokuba akhonze njengoNobhala Wezezimali, wayeyintloko yeBhange laseNew York Federal Reserve . Kulo nxaxheba, wayebandakanyeke ngokukhawuleza ekukhombiseni iibhanki zokubhankwa kwebhanki ezijoliswe ekunciphiseni ingxaki yemali ka - 2008 . Wayekhokela iinkokheli zaseYurophu ngexesha leengxaki zemali. Abaninzi babo babengenalo amava kwiimali zehlabathi.

08 Jack Lew (2013 - 2017)

UJack Lew noLin-Manuel Miranda. Flickr

Umngeni omkhulu kaJack Lew wawukusebenza kunye neCongress ukufumana indlela engcono yokunciphisa ityala likazwelonke . ULi wakhethwa nguMongameli Obama kuba unamava amaninzi ajongene nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kunye nolawulo. WayeyiNtloko yabaSebenzi baka-Obama, uMlawuli we-Ofisi yoLawulo kunye neBhajethi kunye neGosa eliPhezulu loLawulo loLwazi kwiSebe likaRhulumente. Kwakhona waba nguMphathi we-OMB phantsi koMongameli uClinton, apho wancedisa ukuxoxisana nokutshintshiselana kwabiwo-mali kwi-budget efanelekileyo.

ULeb usebenze kwakhona kwiCiti Global Management Wealth kunye neCiti Alternative Investments (CAI), kwaye wayeyintloko yegosa yokusebenza eNyuvesi yaseNew York. (Umthombo: iNdlu eNtsundu, uJack Lew)

09 Steve Mnuchin

USteve Mnuchin wayengumongameli wezezimali zikaDonald Trump . NjengoNobhala Wezezimali, uthembisa ukunciphisa imithetho ye- Dodd-Frank . Ufuna ukubuya uFannie Mae kunye noFreddie Mac kumashishini abucala. (Akazange athi ukuba urhulumente wesigqeba uya kuqinisekisa ubungqina balo.)

UMnuchin uya kuphumeza isicwangciso serhafu se-Trump . Wayengumbhali-mbhali wesicwangciso. Uya kukwabela kwakhona ukongezwa okulandelelweyo kwi-ityala likazwelonke . (Umthombo: "I-Trump Treasury Treasury Pick ithi US Ufanele Uphume kuFreddie Mac noFannie Mae," Fortune, Disemba 1, 2016.)

UMnuchin wayeyintloko yegosa yolwazi e-Goldman Sachs. Wayesebenza nakwezobambiso zempahla. Ngo-2002, wabeka i-hedge fund yakhe, iDune Capital. Yayixhasa iifilimu ezifana ne "X-Men" kunye ne "Avatar." Wathenga i-IndyMac Bank kwi-government federal xa ithe yahluleka ngo-2008. Kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva, wenza inzuzo engama-150 ekhulwini xa wayithengisa. (Umthombo: "" USteven Mnuchin Uninzi Pragmatist kune-Ideologue, "iDealBook, Novemba 30, 2016.)

Indlela iSebe le-US Treasury Works ngayo

Unomnyango weSebe lezeMali waseMelika ukubonga nge-IRS, iMiniti yase-US, kunye neBhodi yeTyala likaRhulumente. La ma Bureaus, kunye nabanye abathathu, banomthwalo wemisebenzi engama-98 ekhulwini lemisebenzi yesebe. Ipesenti ezi-2 zomsebenzi zenziwa yiofisi yeNobhala, kodwa inempembelelo enkulu kwezoqoqosho jikelele. Abasebenzi abayi-117 000 beSebe lezeNondyebo basebenze ngebhajethi yeeRandi eziyizigidi eziyi-11, kwaye baphathe iiligidi ezingama-358 zeebhilidi kwizikwere zerhafu kunye neengxowa-mali.

Umsebenzi weNobhala weNondyebo

UNobhala weNondyebo unemisebenzi ebalulekileyo emininzi. Okokuqala, ucebisa uMongameli ngemigaqo-nkqubo yezemali, ezoqoqosho, kunye neerhafu, zombini nakwamanye amazwe. Kwakhona uthatha inxaxheba ekumiseni imigaqo-nkqubo yezemali kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali.

UNobhala weNondyebo ulawula yonke imisebenzi yeSebe lezeMali. Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kukuxhasa uxanduva lwetyala likawonkewonke ngokujongana nenkqubo yentengiso yeNondye. Lowo obaluleke kakhulu kunabo bonke abakhokhi berhafu baqhuba umgaqo-nkqubo werhafu kunye nokuqokelela irhafu yerhafu ngenkonzo yeNgxowa-mali yangaphakathi yeNgeniso. UNobhala ujongene nomsebenzi weNondyebo weemali zemveliso kunye nemali, echaphazela wonke umntu.

UNobhala uhlala kwiibhodi ezininzi zephondo zikaRhulumente kunye namabhunga. UnguSihlalo kunye noLawulo lweTrasti yezoKhuseleko loLuntu kunye neeBhodi zeMatriki zeTrasti. Uhlala kwi: iBhunga likaZwelonke lezoQoqosho, i-International Monetary Fund, iBhanki ye-International for Reconstruction and Development, iBhanki ye-Inter-American Development, iBhanki yophuhliso yase-Asia, iBhanki yeNtuthuko yase-Afrika, iBhanki yaseYurophu yokuQulunqulwa noPhuhliso, kwaye iBhanki yaseNtlakuMntla yaseMelika.