Ngubani Olawulayo iFed?
I- Federal Reserve System inoxanduva lomgaqo-nkqubo wezemali olawula ukunikezwa kwemali kunye nenzala . Igunya layo elilodwa kukulawula ukunyuka kwamaxabiso nokunciphisa ukungasebenzi .
Ukongeza kwibhodi, iFed iqulethe i-12 ye-Federal Reserve Bank kunye neKomiti ye-Open Market Committee . Iibhanki zemali zibonelela ngeenkonzo kwiinkampani zebhanki zorhwebo . I-FOMC iseka umgaqo-mali wemali.
I-Fed inabasebenzi abayi-1,800 abaxhasa ibhodi. Idilesi yayo i-20 Street Street kunye noMgaqo-siseko Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20551.
Amalungu
Abeendaba bajonga ukuba amalungu ebhodi "ayenzayo" okanye "i-hawkish." Amalungu amaqhinga akhathazeke kakhulu ngokunciphisa ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kunokunciphisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Benza umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali owandisiweyo kunye nexabiso elincinci lomdla. Amalungu eBhodi anama-hawkish akhetha umgaqo-nkqubo wokuchasana. Bangathanda ukuphakamisa amaxabiso kuba bexhalabele ngokunyuka kwamaxabiso.
Amalungu eBhodi akhonza imigqaliselo echanekileyo. Oko kuthetha ukuba omtsha uqeshwe njalo kwiminyaka emibini. Oko kugcina ibhodi elizimeleyo kwezopolitiko. Ukuba ishedyuli ilandelwa, akukho mongameli okanye uninzi lweqela leCongress lingakwazi ukulawula ibhodi.
Kodwa uMongameli uTrump wathatha ilifa elinqabileyo lokuba athabathe ibhodi ngokumthanda kwakhe. Isikhundla soSihlalo seBhodi sasikhupha ukuphindwa kwakhona ngexesha lakhe. Kwakhona, izikhundla ezintathu zebhodi zazingekho, kuquka i-Vice-Chair position. Ababini babo bebekho mva ukususela kwiinkathazo zemali.
Ixilongo lakhetha uJerome Powell ukuba abe yisihlalo seFed.
UPowell wayesele elungu lebhodi le-Fed, ekhonza ngoMeyi 25, 2012 ukuya kuJanuwari 31, ngo-2028. Wayengumfundi ohambeleyo kwi-Bipartisan Policy Centre, iqabane eliseCarlyle Group (1997 - 2005), kunye negosa likaNondyebo phantsi koMongameli uGeorge HW Bush. Ukhohlakele.
I-Trump yammisela nangona engayithandi ukulungiswa komthetho , enye yezinto eziphambili kwiTrump. I-Senate ivume ukutyunjwa kwakhe ngoJanuwari 23, 2018. UPowell ushintsha uJanet Yellen. Uya kuqhubeka neenkqubo zeYellen eziphumelelayo. UYellen akazange akhonze intsalela yexesha lakhe eliqhelekileyo lebhodi. Isihlalo esisodwa seFed sokwenza njalo kwakunguMarriner Eccles (1934 ukuya ku-1948) owahlala ebhodini iminyaka emithathu emva kokupheliswa kwakhe kootywala.
USihlalo webhodi nguSihlalo we-FOMC. Usihlalo we-Fed udibana noMongameli, uNobhala weNondyebo kunye neCongress. USihlalo ilungu leNgxowa-mali yeMali yamazwe ngamazwe , iBhanki yeeNdawo zokuHlaliswa kwaMazwe ngamazwe, kunye ne- G-7 kunye ne- G-20 njengongqongqoshe wezezimali.
I-Trump ikhetha uRichard Clarida ukuba abe nguSekela-Sihlalo webhodi. Wayenobhala unobhala wenqubomgomo yezoqoqosho kwi-Treasury yase-US ukususela ngo-2002 ukuya ku-2003. Wayenguprofesa wezomnotho kwi-Columbia University.
Utyumba uMichelle Bowman ukuba agcwalise indawo yebhodi engenakho.
Unamava asebhanki asekuhlaleni ayifunayo. WayenguKhomishini yasebhanki yaseKansas. I-Trump yayidinga umntu ozimisele ukuchitha ukwabiwa kwazo kuzo zonke iibhanki. ICongress yenza loo mfuneko iminyaka emibini edlulileyo.
UTump utyunye uMarvin Goodfriend kwiBhodi engabonakaliyo. Ungumfundisi weCarnegie Mellon kunye nowase-economist we-Fed. Ulindele ukuqinisekiswa kweSenate.
I-Trump imisele ilungu elinye leBhodi, iRandy Quarles . Ixesha lakhe lebhodi ngo-Oktobha 13, 2017 -Januwari 31, 2032. Uxhasa ukulungiswa kwebhanki. Wayengumlawuli we-Cynosure Group kunye neCarlyle Group, kunye negosa likaNondyebo phantsi koMongameli George W. Bush . Awuyikratshi okanye i-hawkish, uthanda ukusebenzisa izikhokelo eziqinileyo ezichanekileyo xa iinguqu ze-Fed zitshintsha. Iimigangatho nazo i-Vice-Chairman yoLawulo lwe-Okthoba 13, 2021.
Isikhundla senziwe nguDodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act . A
Abaqeshi baTump ujoyine uLael Brainard. Ixesha lakhe linguJuni 16, 2014-Januwari 31, 2026. Nguye kuphela uPh.D. Ubume bezezimali kwiBhodi. Wayeyinduna ephezulu yeSebe lezeMali (ngo-2010 ukuya ku-2013), ilungu eliphezulu le-Brookings Institution (2001- 2008), kunye noSekela likaMeluleki wezoQoqosho weSizwe kuMongameli uClinton. Wayenguprofesa woqoqosho kwi-MIT Sloan School of Management (1990 - 1996). Ukhohlakele.
Yintoni iBhodi eyenzayo
Ibhodi inemisebenzi emine eyintloko. Okokuqala, lukhokela umgaqo-mali wemali. Wonke amalungu ebhodi ahleli kwiFOMC. Ibhodi inezona ezininzi izihlalo kwi-FOMC, ngoko ilawula ngokufanelekileyo izigqibo zonke. Iphulaphula igalelo esuka kwamanye amalungu njengoko beongameli beebhanki zamalungu. I- FOMC idibana namaxesha asibhozo ngonyaka ukwenzela ukubeka iinjongo zezinga lokuxhaswa kwemali kunye nokuphumeza ukusebenza kwemarike evulekile . Ibhodi yedwa ibeka izinga lokunciphisa kunye neemfuneko zokugcina kwiibhanki zamalungu. Fumana okunye malunga nezixhobo ze - Federal Reserve .
Okwesibini, lihlalutya uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho. Ikhupha i- Beige Book ngenyanga. Inika ingxelo yengxelo yemali kabini ngonyaka (nge-Febhuwari 20 no-Julayi 20). Ibika iingxelo zayo kwiimeko zoqoqosho kwiCongress. Ngokukodwa, uSihlalo unikela ngokwahlukileyo kwiKomidi yeSenethi kwiBhanki, kwiZindlu, nakwiiNdawo zeMimandla kunye neKomiti yeNdlu kwiNkonzo zezeMali.
Okwesithathu, ibhodi ikhiphe imimiselo yoshishino jikelele lwebhanki, kunye neebhanki zamalungu e-Federal Reserve. Ixhasa loo mithetho kwiBhanki yeBhunga leNgcaciso kuphela. Ezi ziquka amabhanki karhulumente angama-900, angamalungu e-Federal Reserve System, kunye nama-5,000 ebhanki. I-Ofisi yoMgcini-zincwadi weMali ilawula iibhanki zesizwe. I-Insurance Deposit Insurance Corporation ijongene neebhanki zorhulumente ezingengamalungu eSigqeba. Olu qhekeko luvumela iibhanki ukuba zikhethe umphathi wazo ngokunquma uhlobo luni lwebhanki abafuna ukuyenza. Enye yezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidale iingxaki zemali.
Okwesine, lilawula inkqubo yeentlawulo ze-US. Iibhanki zilawula ukuhlolwa okucacileyo, ukucwangcisa iintlawulo zekhompyutha kunye nokusabalalisa imali.
Iintlanganiso
Ibhodi idibana kabini ngenyanga. Ijongana nayo yonke imithetho yokulawula kunye nemali. Unakho ukuya kwiseshoni evulekileyo. Fumana ngakumbi kwiwebhusayithi yeintlanganiso zebhodi. (Imithombo: "I-System Reserve Reserve isungulwe njani?" Isingeniso kwiBhodi yabaGebusisi, "iBhanki yeStater Reserve yaseSt. Louis." Yinjani Injongo yeState Reserve System? "IBhodi yabaGqwetha Federal Reserve.)