Iikhokeli zehlabathi zijongene nobuGebengu, ukuTshintsho kweMozulu kunye neengxaki zezoqoqosho
Igunya eliphambili le-G-20 liyakuthintela iingxaki zemali zehlabathi ezizayo. Ifuna ukwakha i-ajenda yezoqoqosho jikelele.
Ubolekisa imbono yoqoqosho lwe-Asia kunye neLatin America. Oko "kwandisa ububanzi bezoqoqosho kunye namazwe ngamazwe."
Abaphathiswa bezezimali kunye nabalawuli bebhanki bepaka-mazwe aseG-20 badibana kabini ngonyaka. Badibana ngexesha elifanayo ne- International Monetary Fund kunye neBhanki yehlabathi .
Ngo-1999, aba bafundisi kunye nabalawuli babumba iG-20. Babefuna ingxoxo phakathi kwamazwe athuthukayo kunye namazwe athuthukile. Baye baphendula kwiinkathazo zemali ze-Asia yase-2007 . Iintlanganiso zaqala njengentlanganiso engaqhelekanga yabaphathiswa bezezimali kunye nabanki bhanki.
Ngomhlangano we-2017
Julayi 7-8, 2017: I-Hamburg, eJamani. Iintlanganiso zijolise ekutshintshisweni kwemozulu kunye nerhwebo lwehlabathi. Yenza inkqubela encinane. UMongameli waseMelika uDonald Trump wayechasene nembono yezinye iingu-19 amazwe. I-Trump yayiphumile kwisivumelwano seKhisimusi seParis. Amanye amalungu e-G-20 aya kubamba isingqungquthela sezulu esilandelayo ngoDisemba ukuqhubela phambili.
I-Trump nayo isongela ukubeka imimiselo yokuthengisa kwintsimbi. Oko kungaqalisa imfazwe yorhwebo. Uthi kukho i-glut yokubonelela. I-G-20 ivumile ukwabelana ngolwazi malunga nokuveliswa kwesimbi. Kuya kushicilela ingxelo esesikweni ngoNovemba.
I-G-20 ivumelekile ukuqeda iindawo ezikhuselekileyo zokuxhasa ngemali. Kuya kucela icandelo labucala ukuba lincede.
Iya kulungisa iingxabano eMntla Korea, eSiriya nase-Ukraine.
Ngo-Julayi 7, uMongameli weTrump noRussia uVladimir Putin badibana kunye neeyure ezimbini. Xa uTrump ebuza malunga nokunyaniseka kweRashiya kunyaka lonyulo luka-2016, uPutin waphika. Bavumelana nokuphela komlilo eSiriya.
Iintlanganiso zeNgqungquthela zangaphambili
NgoSeptemba 4-5, 2016, eHangzhou, eChina. Bobabini baseUnited States neTshayina bavuma ukuvumelanisa isivumelwano seenguqu sezulu saseParis . Zizo zimbini eziphambili kakhulu zokuthunyelwa kwamagesi okushisa. I-Russia ne-United States abazange bavumelane ngokuphelisa imfazwe yaseSiriya. I-China yakhalaza ukuba amanye amazwe kufuneka avumele ukuhweba okukhululekile. Kodwa iChina iye yaba ngumkhuseli ngakumbi.
NgoNovemba 15-16, 2015, uAntalya, Turkey. Intlanganiso ijolise ekuphenduleni ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula eParis. Amalungu avumile ukuqinisa ukugcinwa komda kumngcipheko. Ngelo xesha, babeza kuvuma ababaleki ababebalekele imfazwe ngokumelene neqela lama-Islamic State. I-United States yavuma ukukwabelana ngolwazi olubanzi kunye neFransi namanye amalungu. Ayingayi kuthumela kwimikhosi yomhlaba. Kodwa yayiza kuxhasa amaSiriya kunye nama-Iraqi elwa neqela lama-Islamic State. Baye bachaza amanye amanyathelo okunciphisa ukuxhaswa kweqela lama-Islamic State.
Novemba 15 -16, 2014, eBrisbane, Queensland, e-Australia. Intlanganiso yalahla ukuhlasela kwe-Russia e-Ukraine . Wonke amalungu athembise ukuba asebenzisane kunye nokwandisa ukukhula kwe-GDP jikelele ukuya kuma-2.1 ekhulwini ngo-2018. Oku kuya kufaka i-$ 2 trillion kwizoqoqosho-jikelele. IUnited States neYurophu yaxinzelela iqela ukuba ithathe isinyathelo esinamandla kwishintsho semozulu. Kwakungekho kwi-ajenda esemthethweni. Iinkokheli zathembisa ukwenza konke okusemandleni abo ukulwa ne-Ebola eNtshona Afrika. UMongameli Obama wadibana neenkokheli zaseJapan ne-Australia. Bavumelana ukuba basebenze ngokusombulula uxolo lweengxabano zamanxweme e-South China Sea.
NgoSeptemba 5-6, 2013, eSt. Petersburg, eRashiya. Ngokungafanelekanga, intlanganiso igxile kwimpendulo kwiSiriya yokuhlaselwa kwezixhobo zamachiza. UMongameli uBrazil wacela inkxaso kwi-strike yase-United States, ngelixa abanye babethetha ngokunyanzeliswa kwezoqoqosho.
I-Russia isekela urhulumente waseSiriya ngeengalo kunye nerhwebo. I-China ixhala malunga nokwanda kwamaxabiso eoli. IFransi, iTurkey kunye ne-Saudi Arabia inkxaso ngenkxaso-moya. Ngokusemthethweni, iinkokeli zijolise ekukhuliseni ukukhula koqoqosho lwehlabathi. Amazwe e-BRIC afuna isenzo se-G-20 ukuvuselela ezoqoqosho. Baye baphoxiswa ngokurhoxiswa kotyalo-mali olwangaphandle .
NgoJuni 18-19, 2012, eLos Cabos, eMexico. Ingqungquthela ijolise kwiingxaki ze- eurozone . I-Chancellor yaseJamani engumxhasi we-G-20 u-Angela Merkel ukuba asebenze nabanye abaholi be- European Union . Bafuna iSicwangciso esiGcino esilondoloze ngakumbi ukulungisa ingxaki yeGrity . IJamani ayiyi kukhwela iGrisi ngaphandle kwamanyathelo . Kungenxa yokuba abahlawuli berhafu baseJamani ekugqibeleni bajongana neendleko eziphezulu ukuxhasa imali. IJamani ngokwayo sele ihlawulwe kakhulu. IJamani yanyanzelisa inyunyana yezemali ukuxhasa inyunyana yemali ye-EU. Oku kuthetha ukuba amalungu e-EU aya kunika ulawulo lwezopolitiko lwabo lwabiwo-mali kwiinkqubo zokuvunywa kwe-EU jikelele. Oku kwakuyimfuneko ngaphambi kokuba ixhase izibhondi zaseYurophu.
Novemba 2-4, 2011, Cannes. Fransi. Ingqungquthela ibhekiselele kwi- crisis yeGrike yesiGrike . Amalungu avumile kwizicwangciso zokudala imisebenzi .
NgoNovemba 11-12, 2010, eSeoul, eMzantsi Korea. Ngaphambi komhlangano we-G-20, abaPhathiswa bezeMali bathembisa ukuyeka iimfazwe zemali . Zenzeke ngokukodwa phakathi kwe- China kunye ne-United States. Ezi mfazwe zingabangela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ngamazwe ngamazwe okutya, amaxabiso eoli , kunye nezinye izinto. UNobhala we-USTreasury uTim Geithner wathembisa ukuba iUnited States ayinakukhukula kwiimarike kunye noNondyebo. Oku bekuya kubakhohlisa ixabiso le dollar. Amazwe amashishini atyhilayo avuma ukuvumela i-market forex ukuba iqinisekise iimali zazo. Oko kuthetha ukuba baya kubavumela ukuba bavuke, ukuba kuyimfuneko. Oku kwagxotha i dollar phantsi kwaye i-market market. Abathengisi be-Forex babenethemba lokubambisana ngakumbi ne-United States kunye neChina ukuze kugcinwe i-currencies yabo. Kunoko, i-Federal Reserve iya kuthenga i-Treasurys. Oku kuya kugcina inzala kunye ne dollar ephantsi. Abathengisi bathengisa iidola, beqhuba ixabiso layo phantsi. Ekuphenduleni, iDow iphakanyisiwe ipesenti enye. Ixabiso le dollar eliwelayo lenza ama-US amasheya angabizi kwabangaphandle. Amalungu e-G-20 avumile ukudlulisela amandla ama-6 ekhulwini lamandla okuvota kwi-IMF kumazwe athengisayo athengisayo. Oko kwandula ukuguqula umda wamandla kude neentlanga ze-G-7.
NgoJuni 26-27, 2010, eToronto, eCanada . Iinkokeli zavuma ukunciphisa imali yabo yeebhajethi ngoqingatha ngo-2013. Bathembisa ukuphelisa ukulahleka kweminyaka emithathu kamva.
Ngo-Ephreli 1-2, 2009, eLondon, eUnited Kingdom . Iikhokeli ze-G-20 zithembisa i-$ 1 trillion kwi-IMF kunye neBhanki yehlabathi ukunceda amazwe athengisa amashishini anqamle imiphumo yomnotho. Bathembisa imali engama-250 yezigidigidi kwiimali zorhwebo. Baye bavuma ukuphuhlisa imimiselo emitsha yemali, ukudala iqumrhu lokumamela, kunye nokuqhekeka phantsi kweemali ze-hedge . Ngenxa yoko, i-Dow yavuka ngaphezu kwama-240 amanqaku, ikhuphuka ngaphezu kwe-8,000 okokuqala ngenyanga ezimbini.
NgoSeptemba 24-25, 2009, ePittsburgh, eUnited States. Iinkokeli zakha iBhodi entsha yoPhuhliso lwezeMali. Kuya kuphuhlisa imimiselo yezemali emiselweyo kuwo wonke amazwe ase-G-20. IBhodi iya kusebenza neBhanki yehlabathi kunye ne-IMF. Baye bathatyathwa ukuba baphumelele kule migaqo-nkqubo. Bavuma ukunyusa iimfuno zebhanki zeemali . Baye bathabatha isigqibo sokubophelela ukuhlawula i-executive steward to long-term, not short-term, ukusebenza. Kwakhona bafuna ukuhambisa zonke iikontraki ezivela kwii-electronic exchange. Ngale ndlela, banokubekwa iliso kangcono. Ekugqibeleni, bacebise ukuba iinkampani "zinkulu kakhulu ukuba zingaphumeleli," njenge-AIG, ziphuhlise izicwangciso zamazwe angaphandle. Oko kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba ukuwa kwabo kungasongela uqoqosho lonke.
NgoNovemba 16-17, 2008, eWashington, DC. I-G-20 ibambe iqela layo lokuqala. Ngaphambi kwalo mhlangano, i-G-7 ikhokele izicwangciso zezoqoqosho jikelele kwihlabathi. Isihloko sasiyinkathazo yemali ka - 2008 . Abaholi beemarike ezivelayo babuza iUnited States ukuba ilawulwe iimarike zezimali zayo ngcono. I-United States yavuma. Iinqununu nazo zazifuna ukulawulwa okungcono kweemali kunye neenkampani zokulinganisela amatyala njenge- Standard & Poors . Kwakhona bafuna ukuqinisa imilinganiselo ye-accounting and derivatives . Esinye sezimbangela zeengxaki zemali yayingenamiselo nemigangatho enganeleyo.
I-G-20 iLungu leZizwe
Amalungu e-G-20 afaka iintlanga ze-G-7: iCanada, iFransi, iJamani , iItali, iJapan , i-UK kunye ne-United States. Eli qela lamazwe lidibana kunye.
Kukho iimarike ezilishumi elinanye ezikhulayo kunye namazwe amancinci athile. Baye baseArgentina, e-Australia, eBrazil, eChina, eIndiya, e-Indonesia, eMexico , eRashiya, e-Saudi Arabia, eMzantsi Afrika, eMzantsi Korea naseTurkey. I-EU nayo ilungu leG-20.
Kutheni i-G-20 ibalulekile
Ukukhula kweBrazil, iRashiya, iIndiya kunye neChina (amazwe e-BRIC) kuye kwaqhuba ukukhula koqoqosho lwehlabathi. Amazwe ase-G-7 akhula ngokukhawuleza. Ngoko ke, amazwe e-BRIC ayimfuneko ekuqinisekiseni ukuqhubeka koqoqosho lwehlabathi lonke.
Kwixesha elidlulileyo, iinkokheli ze-G-7 zinokudibana kunye nokugqiba kwiingxaki zezoqoqosho zomhlaba ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okukhulu kumazwe e-BRIC. Kodwa la mazwe aye axabisa ngakumbi ekunikezeni iimfuno zeentlanga ze-G-7. Ngokomzekelo, iRashiya inika ininzi yegesi yendalo eYurophu. I-China ivelisa ubuninzi bemveliso ye-United States. I-India inikezela ngeenkonzo zobuchwepheshe.
G-20 Iiprotesti
Iintlanganiso ze-G-20 zisoloko ziyiziko lembambano ekujoliswe kuyo kwi-ajenda ye-G-20. Bathi iqela lijolise kakhulu kwiminqweno yemali kunye nehlabathi jikelele. Abaprotheli bafuna ukuba iinkokheli ze-G-20 zijolise kwizinto enye okanye ezininzi:
- Intlupheko. I-Ontario Coalition Against the Poverty Leader, uJohn Clarke, wathi, "Inkqubo yonke yokuhlanganisa le nkqutyana kuye kwaba ngabantu abahluphekayo, kwaye baxhamla amalungu awona manzi aphezulu." Ngo-2010, abaqhankqalazi bebhekiselele kwi-G-20 ekugxilwe kuyo uxanduva lwemali kunye nobunzima kwiindleko zentlalo. Kwakhona bachasene neendleko zeeRandi ezili-1 zezigidi zeentlanganiso ngokwazo, ezazithethwa ngabahlawuli berhafu baseCanada.
- Imo iyatshintsha. Abaprothetli babefuna ukuba iG-20 ivuselele ukufudumala kwehlabathi njengento ephambili.
- Ukulingana ngokwesini. Amazwe angama-G-20 kufuneka ahlawule ingqalelo emalungelo kummandla we-LGBT. Bayacela imali engakumbi yokucwangcisa intsapho, kuquka nokukhipha isisu.
- Ukufuduka. Abaprothetli bafuna imida evulekileyo ngakumbi kubafuduki ababalekela "iingxaki zokunceda abantu kunye neengxaki zemozulu." (Umthombo: "Yintoni eyenziwa yi-G-20 Protests," u-Alixandra Gould, iFaster Times, ngoJuni 27, 2010.)