Kutheni i-Global War Wars IiNtsholongwane engekho njengeNengozi njengoko zivakalayo
Oku kubangela abasebenzisi kwaye kuyongeza kwimali yokunyuka kwamaxabiso.
Iimfazwe zeemali zexesha eliqulunqwe nguMphathiswa wezeMali waseBrazil uGugu Mantega. Wayechaza ngokuncintisana kwe-2010 phakathi kwe-United States ne- China ukuba ibe nexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu lwemali.
Ingaba isebenza kanjani
Ukutshintshwa kwamaxabiso kuthatha ixabiso lemali yelizwe elichasene nelinye. Ilizwe elithile kwimfazwe yemali ehlaselwa ngamabomu exabiso. Amazwe anezinga lokutshintshiselwa ngokuchanekileyo nje enze isaziso. Uninzi amazwe alungiselela iirhafu zawo kwiDola lase - US kuba yi- currency reserve currency .
Uninzi amazwe asezingeni lokutshintshiselana nezimo. Bamele bandise imali yokunikezelwa kwexabiso lokunciphisa ixabiso lemali. Ibhanki ephakathi inezixhobo ezininzi zokunyusa imali ngokunikezelwa kwekhredithi. Inokunciphisa inzala. Iyakongeza nje ukufaka isikweletu kwiindawo zokugcina iibhanki zesizwe. Oko kubizwa ngokuba yimisebenzi yemarike evulekileyo okanye ukunciphisa ubuninzi .
Urhulumente welizwe unakho ukuchaphazela ixabiso lemali kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezemali owandisiweyo .
Ukwenza oku ngokuchitha imali okanye ukuhlawula irhafu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, yenzelwa izizathu zezopolitiko, kungekhona ukubandakanyeka kwimfazwe yemali.
EUnited States iMfazwe yezeMali
I-United States ivumela imali yayo, idola, ukuba idalwe. Isebenzisa umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali kunye nokwenza imali . Ukuchitha imali kwe-Federal kwandisa ityala.
Oko kunengcinezelo ephantsi kwidola ngokwenza kube mnandi ukubamba. I-Federal Reserve igcine isantya semali esondliwe ngokufutshane nendawo phakathi ko- 2008-2015 . Xa ukunikezwa kweemfuno ezingaphezu kwemfuno, ixabiso le dollar lihla.
Ezi zihlandlo eziqhelekileyo. Ukususela kwiingxaki zemali, idola liye lagcina lixabiso layo naphezu kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokwandisa. Kungenxa yokuba liyimali yokugcina umhlaba. Abathengi batyithenga ngexesha loqoqosho olungaqinisekanga njengendawo ephephile. Ngenxa yoko, idola yaqinisa ama-25 ekhulwini phakathi kuka-2014 no-2016 . Ukususela ngoko, sele iqalile ukuhla kwakhona.
China War War
I-China ilawula ixabiso lemali yayo, i- yuan . Ibhanki Yabantu YaseTshayina bayiphakamise ngokuyikhupha idola , kunye nebhaksi yezinye iirhafu. Yigcina i yuan ngaphakathi kwe-2 yeepesenti yokurhweba ye-6.25 yuan nge-dollar. Izinga lokutshintshela lixelela i-dollar eyi-1 iyakuthenga 6.25 yuan.
Ngomhla ka-Agasti 11, 2015, iBhanki yaqalisa ukuthengisa iimarike zashishini zangaphandle ngokuvumela i-yuan ukuba ifike ku-6.3845 yuan nge-dollar. Ngomhla kaJanuwari 6, 2016, ikhulule ngakumbi ukulawula kwayo i-yuan njengenxalenye yenguqu yezoqoqosho eChina . Ukungaqiniseki kwixesha elizayo le-yuan kunceda ukuthumela iDow phantsi kwamanqaku angama-400 .
Ekupheleni kweveki, i-yuan yawela ku-6.5853. I-Dow ilahle ngaphezu kwamanqaku angaphezu kwe-1.
Ngonyaka we-2017, i-yuan yawa phantsi kweminyaka engama-9. Kodwa iChina yayingekho kwimfazwe yemali ne-United States. Esikhundleni salokho, bezama ukuhlawulela i dollar ekhulayo. I-yuan, i-pegged kwi dollar, iphakama ngama-25 ekhulwini xa idola liyenzayo phakathi kuka-2014 no-2016. Ukuthumela ngaphandle kwe-China kwakuye kubiza kakhulu kunezo zivela kumazwe angaboshelwa kudola. Kwakudingeka ukunciphisa izinga lokutshintshiselwa ukuba lihlale likhuphisana. Ekupheleni konyaka, njengoko idola liwa, iChina yavumela i-yuan ukuba ikhule.
Imfazwe yeMali yaseJapan
IJapan yaya kwibala lemfazwe ngoSeptemba 2010. Yilapho urhulumente waseJapan uthengisa ukubamba kwayo kwemali, i yen, okokuqala ngqa kwiminyaka emithandathu. Ixabiso lokutshintshiselwa kwenani leenki liye laphakama kumgangatho walo ophezulu ukususela ngo-1995.
Oku kwasongela ubutyebi baseJapan, obuxhomekeke kakhulu kwii-export. Inani eliphezulu le-yen yenza ukuba abo bathengiweyo bathengise ngakumbi kwi-United States nakwamanye amazwe. Iyanciphisa umfuno kwaye iyancipha ukukhula koqoqosho kweJapan.
Inani leJapan laseJapan liye lakhula ngenxa yokuba oorhulumente belizwe lalingapakisha imali ekhuselekileyo. Basuka kwi- euro ngokulindela ukuhla kwehla kwi-crisis yeGrike. Bamshiya idola ngenxa yesikweletu se-US esingasilondolozeki.
Uninzi lwabahlalutyi bavuma ukuba i-yen iya kuqhubeka ikhula, nangona inkqubo yekarhulumente. Kungenxa yokuthengisa kwangaphambili, kungekhona ukubonelela kunye nokufuna. Inempembelelo enkulu kwixabiso le yen, idola okanye i-euro. IJapan iyakhukhula kwiimarike kunye neYen yonke into efunayo, kodwa ukuba abathengisi be-forex bangenza inzuzo kwi-yen ekhulayo, baya kuqhubeka beyibiza.
Abathengisi be-Forex bakha ingxaki eyahlukileyo kwiJapan iminyaka eyi-10 eyadlulayo, ukudala i- yen ithathe ishishini . Bboleka i yen kwi-0 yepesenti yentengo. Baye batyala imali kwiDola yase-US eyayinomyinge ophezulu. I-yen ithwala ukuthengiswa yanyamalala xa i-Federal Reserve ishiya ixabiso lemali elixhasayo.
udibano lwaseyurophu
IYurophu yaseYurophu yangena kwiimfazwe zemali ngo-2013. Yifuna ukukhulisa iimveliso zayo kunye nokulwa nokuchasana. IBhanki Ephakathi YaseYurophu yanciphisa isantya sayo ukuya kuma-25 ekhulwini ngoNovemba 7, 2013. Le nto yaqhuba i- euro ukuya kwi-dollar izinga lokuguqula kwi-$ 1.3366. Ngo-2015, i-euro yayingathengisa i-1.05 yezigidi. Kodwa oko kwakungenxa yeso sizathu seengxaki zemali yeGrike. Abanini-zimali abaninzi bazibuza ukuba i-euro yayiza kuphila njengemali. Ngo-2016, i-euro yabuthathaka ngenxa ye-Brexit. Kodwa xa idola libuthathaka ngo-2017, i-euro yavumelana.
Impembelelo kwamanye amazwe
Ezi mpi ziqhuba i-currencies ephezulu eBrazil nakwamanye amazwe athengayo . Iphakamisa amaxabiso eemveliso . I-oyile, ubhedu, kunye nentsimbi zezi zizwe eziphambili zithunyelwa ngaphandle. Oku kwenza amazwe athengisayo athengise umncinci kwaye anciphise ubutyebi bawo.
Enyanisweni, irhuluneli yaseburhulumenteni yaseBenjeria , uRarhuram Rajan , wagxeka iMelika kunye nabanye ababandakanyekayo kwiimfazwe zemali. Bathumela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kumashishini atshabayo. URajan kwafuneka aphakame izinga lokunyuka kweIndiya lokulwa nokunyuka kwamaxabiso alo, ukubeka ingozi ekukhuleni koqoqosho.
Indlela ekuchaphazela ngayo
Omnye wabantu abacebileyo behlabathi yiTexican telecom titan uCarlos Slim. Uthe iimfazwe zemali ze-2010 phakathi kwe-United States ne-China zenze ukuba kuthengwe amaxabiso aphezulu.
Njengoko ixabiso le dollar liyanqumla ngokumalunga namanye amaxabiso, ixabiso lokuthengiswa liza kuphakama. Siye sabona ukwanda kwexabiso lokutya neoli . Kwakhona kunciphisa intengo ye-export export, eyinceda ukukhula kwezoqoqosho. Kwakhona kwenza ukuba i-stock market yase-United States ibe yinto efanelekileyo.
Ukuthengwa kwe-Nondyebo ye-China kugcina amaxabiso e-US athengisa imali. U-Nondyebo ubhala ngokuthe ngqo kwizinga lentengo yokuboleka imali . Xa ixabiso leNondyebo liphakamileyo, isivuno sabo siphantsi. Ekubeni i-Treasurys kunye neempahla zokubolekisa ngemali zikhuphisana nabasomali-mali abanjalo, iibhanki kufuneka zinciphise amaxabiso omhlalaphantsi xa i-Treasury iyancipha.