Iimarike ezithengisa i-$ 5.1 i-Trillion NGESUKU
Ingaba isebenza kanjani
Zonke iintengiso zemali zenziwa ngeebini. Uthengisa imali yakho ukuthenga enye. Wonke umhambi ofumene iimali zamanye amazwe uye wenza ukuhweba kwangaphambili. Umzekelo, xa uhamba ngeeholide ukuya eYurophu, utshintshiselana idola nge-euro kwizinga lokuhamba. Uthengisa iiRandi zase-US kunye nokuthenga i-euro. Xa ubuya, utshintshisa i-euro yakho kwiidola. Uthengisa i-euro kwaye uthenga iidola zase-US.
Uhlobo oluthile oluqhelekileyo lokuhweba kwangaphambili lubonakala ngokuthengisa. Ukuthenga okulula kwemali enye usebenzisa enye imali. Ngokuqhelekileyo ufumana imali yangaphandle. Kufana nokutshintsha imali kwihambo. Yimvumelwano phakathi komrhwebi kunye nomthengisi, okanye umthengisi. Umthengisi uthengisa imali ethile kwixabiso lokuthengwa esuka kumthengisi kwaye uthengisa imali ehlukile kwixabiso lokuthengisa. Intengo yokuthenga iphakame kakhulu kunexabiso lokuthengisa. Umahluko phakathi kwezi zibini zibizwa ngokuthi "ukusasazeka." Le yindleko yokuthengisela umthengisi, leyo eyona nto inzuzo eyenziwa ngumenzi wemarike.
Uhlawule le ntengiso ngaphandle kokuyiqonda xa utshintshile iidola zakho kwi-euro. Uza kuphawula ukuba wenze i-transaction, ukhansele uhambo lwakho kwaye wazama ukutshintshisa i-euro ukuya kwiidola ngokukhawuleza. Awuyi kufumana inani elifanayo leedola.
Icandelo elikhulu lee-trade trades yi-swaps zangaphandle.
Amalungu amaqela amabini avuma ukuboleka iimali zemali ukusuka komnye kwinqanaba lebala. Bavuma ukutshintshela emva komhla othile kwizinga elizayo. Iibhanki eziMbindi zisebenzisa ezi swaps ukugcina iimali zemali zangaphandle ezikhoyo kwiibhanki zamalungu. Iibhanki ziyisebenzisela ubusuku obuncinane kunye neentlawulo zesikhashana nje kuphela. Uninzi lweendlela zokutshintshana ziyahlukana , oku kuthetha ukuba ziphakathi kweebhanki ezimbini zelizwe. Abangenisa iimpahla, abathengisa amazwe kunye nabathengisi banokubandakanya kwi-swaps.
Amashishini amaninzi athenge ukuthengisa kwangaphambili. Kufana ne-trade spot, ngaphandle kokuba utshintshiselwano lwenzeka kwikamva. Uhlawula umrhumo omncinci ukuqinisekisa ukuba uya kufumana isantya esivunyelwene ngaso ngexesha elizayo. I-hedges yezentengiselwano ezithungayo kwi-trade risk. Ikhusela wena engozini yokuba ixabiso lakho lemali liya kuphakama ngelixesha olilifunayo.
Ukuthengisa okufutshane kukuhlobo lokuthengisa kwangaphambili apho uthengisa khona imali yangaphandle . Ukwenza oku ngokuboleka kumthengisi. Uthembisa ukuyithenga ngekamva ngelixabiso elivunyelweneyo. Ukwenza oku xa ucinga ukuba ixabiso lemali liza kuhla. Amashishini afutshane nemali ukuze azikhusele emngciphekweni. Kodwa ukukhawuleza kuyingozi kakhulu. Ukuba imali iphakama kwixabiso, kufuneka uyithengise kumthengisi kuloo xabiso.
Unayo inzuzo kunye neqhinga elifanayo njengamasheya athengisa .
Izinketho zokutshintshiselana kwamanye amazwe kukunika ilungelo lokuthenga imali yangaphandle kwimini evunyelweneyo kunye nexabiso. Awunyanzelekile ukuyithenga, yindlela indlela ekhethiweyo ngayo eyahlukileyo kwikontrakthi yangaphambili.
Ingakanani Imali Ethengisa Ngosuku Lunye
I-Bhanki yeeNgxowa-mazwe zamazwe ngamazwe ephakathi kwimihla ngemihla emithathu yokuthengisa yorhwebo. Ngo-Apreli 2016, bekuyi-$ 5.067 yezigidigidi. Nantsi ukuphuma, kwizigidigidi:
| Uhlobo | Isixa | Ipesenti |
|---|---|---|
| Swaps | $ 2.378 | 48% |
| Spot | $ 1.652 | 33% |
| Ngaphambili | $ .699 | 14% |
| Khetha | $ .254 | 5% |
| Iyonke | $ 5.067 | 100% |
Eli nani lisezantsi-net-basis. Akubandakanyi ukungena kwamabhuku okuphindwa kabili xa kuthengiswa imali phakathi kwamazwe. Xa ezo zifakiwe zifakiwe, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-gross-basis basis, i-$ 6.514 trillion iyonke.
Ukuthengwa kwehla kuhla kwirekhodi eyi-5.357 trillion e-Epreli 2013.
Esi sisiphumo sokuncipha kweemarike zorhwebo. Ngo-2010, i-$ 3.9 trillion yayibanjiswa kwi-forex ngosuku. Ngo-2007, ukuhamba kwemali kwangaphambi kokunciphisa imali kwathatha imali eyi-3.324 yezigidigidi zeentengiso ngosuku. Ukurhweba kwe-Forex kwaqhubeka kukhula ngokukhawuleza ngo- 2008 lweengxaki zemali . Ngo-2004, kuphela i-1.934 trillion yayidayiswa ngemini.
Iingxowa-mali ezithengiswa kakhulu
Ngo-Apreli 2016, iipesenti ezingama-88 zorhwebo zenzeke phakathi kweDola yama- dollar kunye nezinye iimali. I-euro ilandelayo kwi-31 ekhulwini. Ehla ukusuka kuma-39 ekhulwini ngo-Ephreli 2010. I- yen ithwala ukuthengiswa kubuyiswe ngamandla. Imisebenzi yayo yenyuka ukusuka kuma-17 ekhulwini ngo-2007 ukuya kuma-22 ekhulwini ngo-2016. Ukuhweba kwi- yuan yaseTshayina ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabini ukusuka kwi-2 ekhulwini ngo-2013 ukuya kuma-4 ekhulwini ngo-2016.
Ishati elingaphantsi kwi-BIS ibonisa iiprenithi ezili-10 eziphezulu kunye neepesenti zorhwebo lwemali yehlabathi jikelele ngo-2016.
| Imali | % yeHlabathi yezoRhwebo |
| USD (US Dollar) | 88 |
| EUR (iYurophu) | 31 |
| JPY (Yen) | 22 |
| GBP (i-Pound) | 13 |
| I-AUD (i-Australian Dollar) | 7 |
| CHF (iSwitzerland yaseSwitzerland) | 5 |
| I-CAD (i-Canadian Dollar) | 5 |
| I-CNY (iYinan Yuan) | 4 |
| I-MXN (i-Mexican Peso) | 2 |
| I-NZD (i-New Zealand Dollar) | 2 |
Abahwebi abaPhambili
Amabhanki angabarhwebi abakhulu, ukubalwa kweepesenti ezingama-24 zengeniso yansuku zonke. Ingumthombo weengeniso kule mabhanki ayenayo inzuzo yabo yehla emva kweengxaki zemali eziphantsi komhlaba. Iinkampani zonyalo zihlala zijonga iindlela ezintsha zokufumana imali. Ukuthengwa kwemali yiphumo eligqibeleleyo lweengcali zezezimali ezikwazi ukutshala imali kwiindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Iimali ze-Hedge kunye neefemu zoshishino zokuthengisa ziza kwesibini kwaye zinegalelo eli-11 ekhulwini. Nangona zimelela inxalenye encinci, ukuthengisa kwabo kwanda ngenxa yezizathu ezifana neebhanki '.
Imali yePensheni kunye nenkampani zomshuwalense zijongene nezinye iipesenti ezili-11 zentengo yenzuzo.
Amashishini athatha iipesenti ezi-9 kuphela. Iintlanga-mveliso kufuneka zithengise iimali zemali zangaphandle ukukhusela ixabiso lentengiso yazo kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphandle koko, ukuba ixabiso lemali yelizwe elithile liyancipha, ukuthengiswa kwezizwe ngezizwe kuya kuba. Oku kuya kwenzeka nangona umthamo weemveliso uthengiswa.
Kutheni ukuthengiswa kwexesha elide kubaluleke kakhulu
Ukunyaniseka kwe- Forex kuncipha , ukunciphisa umngcipheko kubatyalomali. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka ye-1990, ukutshatyalaliswa kwakusoloko kwintsholongwane. Maxa wambi wavuka waya kuma-20 ekhulwini kunye ne-dollar versus yen. Namhlanje, ukunyanzelisa kungaphantsi kwama-10 ekhulwini. Le nombolo ithatha ingqalelo ukungaxhamli kwembali, okanye ukuba amanani amaninzi ayenyuka na aphantsi kwixesha elidlulileyo. Kwakhona kubandakanya ukunganyaniseki. Yiloo nto ixabiso elizayo kulindeleke ukuba lihluke, njengoko lilinganiswe ngeendlela ezizayo .
Kutheni ukunyanzeliswa kwentlupheko? Enye, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuye kwaphantsi kwaye kuzinzileyo kwezoqoqosho. Iibhanki eziMbindi zifunde indlela yokulinganisa, ukukulindela, nokulungelelanisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso.
Iimbini ezimbini, iinkqubo zebhanki eziphambili zibala. Bacaca ngokucacileyo oko bazimisele ukukwenza. Ngenxa yoko, iimarike zinethuba elingaphantsi lokwenzakala.
Amathathu, amazwe amaninzi awakhiwe ama- reserve oreign exchange reserves . Bazibamba kwiibhanki zabo eziphambili okanye kwiimali zolawulo . Ezi zimali ziphazamisa ukucingwa kwemali eyenza ukungazinzi.
Okwesine, iteknoloji engcono ivumela ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwinqanaba labathengisi be-forex. Ikhokelela ekutshintshisweni kwemali. Abathengisi abangaphezulu kukho, ukuhweba ngakumbi kubakho. Oku kuncedisa ukhenkceko olongezelelweyo kwimarike.
Amahlanu, amazwe amaninzi ayamkela amazinga okutshintshiselana neziguquko, avumela ukunyuka kwemvelo kunye nokuhamba kancane. Iirhafu zokutshintshiselwa zilungele ukuvumela ukuba uxinzelelo lwakhiwe. Xa iimakethe zithintela ekugqibeleni, zidala ukuguquka okukhulu kwizinga lokutshintshiselana. Oku kuyinyani ngokukodwa kwiimarike zeemarike ezikhulayo . Izinga lokutshintshisiswa kweFlexible ziya kubabaluleke kakhulu kubadlali bezoqoqosho behlabathi. Amazwe "BRIC" ( iBrazil , iRashiya , iIndiya kunye neTshayina ) yayibonakala ingenakwenzeka kwimpumelelo kwada kwada kwangoku, ngoko ke abahwebi bangaphambili babebandakanyeka ngakumbi kwiimali zabo. Ngo-2013, ezinye zala mazwe zaqala ukunyuka, ezikhokelela ekufudukeni nasekuhlahliseni ngokukhawuleza kwee currencies.
Kutheni ukubuyisana kwakhona akuzange kunciphise ukurhweba
I-BIS yamangaliswa kukuba ukunyuka kwemali kwakungazange kuthinte ukukhula kokuthengisa kwangaphambili njengokuba kwenziwa ngezinye iindlela ezininzi zokutshala imali. Ucwaningo lwe-BIS lufumene ukuba i-85 ekhulwini kwenyuka ngenxa yokunyuka komsebenzi wezohwebo "kwezinye iindawo zemali."
Bambalwa abathengisi abaphezulu abahamba phambili abaqhuba ubuninzi bezolimo. Abaninzi babo basebenzela iibhanki, ngoku bakhulisa le ndawo kwishishini labo egameni labathengisi abakhulu. Ekugqibeleni kodwa kuncinci ukunyuka kwiintengiso ze-intanethi ngokuthengisa (okanye abaqhelekileyo) abatyalo-mali. Kuye kulula kakhulu kuwo onke amaqela ukuthengisa ngekhompyutha.
Olu tshintsho luhlanganiswa yoshishino lwe-algorithmic, olubizwa ngokuba yi-program yorhwebo. Iingcali zekhompyutheni, okanye "i-jocks quant", ziise iinkqubo ezenza ngokuzenzekelayo amashishini xa iiparitha ezithile zidibene. Ezi parameters zingaba utshintsho lwentengo yebhanki ephakathi, ukwanda okanye ukunciphisa kwimveliso yelizwe elipheleleyo , okanye utshintsho kwixabiso le dollar ngokwayo. Xa enye yee parameters idibene, urhwebo lwenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo.
Indlela Echaphazela Ngayo Uqoqosho Lwase-US
Ngokubanzi, ukunyanzeliswa okuphantsi kwezoqoqosho kusengaphambili kubhekiselele kumngcipheko ophantsi koqoqosho lwehlabathi kunamashumi eminyaka edluleyo. Ngoba? Iibhanki eziMbindi ziba ziqili. Kwakhona, iimakethe zangaphambili ziye zithe gqwa. Oko kuthetha ukuba bancitshiswa kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, ilahleko eziphawulekayo ezisekelwe kwimali eguqukayo yedwa, njengokuba sibonile e-Asia ngo-1998, akunakwenzeka ukuba kwenzeke.
Abahwebi basacacisa kwi-market forex. NgoMeyi 2015, iibhanki ezine (iCitigroup, iJPMorgan Chase, iBhaclays kunye neRoyal Bank yaseScotland) yavuma ukukhwela amaxabiso angaphandle. Bajoyina i-UBS, iBhanki yaseMelika, kunye ne-HSBC, abaye bavuma ukulungiswa kwamanani kunye nokudibanisana omnye komnye ukulawula amaxabiso angaphandle. Uphando luhlobene nophando lweLibor .
Nangona ngaphandle kokulungiswa kwamanani, abahwebi bangakha amabhulethi e- asethi kumaxabiso okutshintshwa kwamanye amazwe. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwenzeke ngeDola lase-US ngo-2014 nakwikota yokugqibela ka-2008. I dollar eqinile yenza i-US ithunyelwe ngaphandle kwezokuncintisana. Iyancipha ukukhula kweGDP . Ukuba abathengisi bebhenela idola phantsi, amazwe okuvelisa ioli aya kuphakamisa intlawulo yeoli, kuba ioli ithengiswa ngeedola. Ukwandiswa kwe-forex yokurhweba kufuneka kulawulwe kangcono ukuze kuphephe ukuqhuma kwamanzi kunye neebhasi.