Imfihlelo yoLwazi lweMali yokuThengiswa kwamaRhafu
IKomidi ye-Federal Reserve Open Market ibeka ithagethi yenqanaba kwiintlanganiso zayo rhoqo. Ireyithi ephakamileyo yokutya yemali ibonisa ukuba iibhanki ziya kuboleka ngaphantsi. Kungenxa yokuba iindleko ezingaphezulu zokuboleka imali eyaneleyo yokufumana iimfuno zokugcina iimfuno. Amanani omdla aya kuba phezulu ngenxa yoko. Ixabiso eliphantsi lokuxhaswa kwemali kuthetha ukuba ibhanki iya kuboleka ngakumbi. Oko kuvumela ukuba bahlawule umyinge wezinga eliphantsi.
Amabhanki angabaleka kwakhona kwifestile yeSaphulelo sika-Federal Reserve. Inqanaba le-interest, eyaziwa njenge-Federal rebate rate , lisoloko liphakamileyo lika- 0.5 ekhulwini. Okukhuthaza iibhanki ukuboleka iimali ezidliwayo.
Indlela Iimali zeMali zeMali eziSebenza ngayo
Ekupheleni kosuku ngalunye, iibhanki ezineendawo ezingaphezulu kweemfuneko, ziboleke kwiibhanki ezifutshane. Umboleki angabamba imali kwiimpahla zayo okanye kwi-Federal Reserve Bank. Ngayiphi na indlela, kubalwa ukuhlangabezana neemfuneko zokugcina ibhanki.
Nangona liboleke imali, ibhanki yokubolekisa ibandakanyeka kwiimali ezithengisiweyo zokuthengisa.
Ngokufanayo, ibhanki ebolekayo yenza imali yokuthenga imali.
Imfuno yokugcina indawo ayisebenzi kwiibhanki ezincinci, abo banokuthengiswa kwemali eyi-14.5 yezigidi okanye ngaphantsi. Ngokuqhelekileyo banalo ubudlelwane nebhanki enkulu ukuboleka imali ekufuneka yona. Oku kunika ibhanki encinci inzuzo yokhuphiswano kuba inokufumana inzala eyongezelelweyo kwimali yayo.
Imizila
Iimarike zemali ezondliwe ziye zincipha ukususela ngo- 2008 iingxaki zemali . Ngo-2007, iibhanki zanikele iiligidi ezingama-200 zamawaka. Ngo-2012, bekuyi-$ 60 yezigidi. Kweneke ntoni?
Okokuqala, i-Federal Reserve yandisa i-balance sheet yayo kwi-$ 4 trillion ngokwemali yokunciphisa . I-Fed yathenga i-US Treasurys kunye ne- secured-backed securities ezivela kwiibhanki. Okubashiye ngeendawo ezininzi zokugcina iimali kwiibhidi zabo.
Okwesibini, i-Fed manje ihlawulela inzala kwiibhanki ezininzi. Amabhanki anokunciphisa ubuncinane ukuboleka imali engaphezulu.
Indlela iFund Fund echaphazela ngayo uqoqosho kunye nawe
I-Federal Reserve ibeka imfuno yendawo yokugcina indawo ukuze kulawulwe umlinganiselo wemali ekhoyo ukuboleka. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba yi- liquidity . Imfuno iya kugcina ibhanki ekubolekeni yonke imali. I-Fed ifuna ukuba ipesenti ethile yeepositi zebhanki kufuneka zigcinwe ubusuku bonke.
Injongo ekujoliswe kuyo yenkxaso yemali yenzalo yenzelwe ukubolekwa kwemali yemali. Zomibini izondlo zemali ezondliwe kunye neemfuno zokugcina impahla ziindlela zokuphumeza umgaqo-mali. Yiloo ndlela ebhanki ephakathi , njenge-Fed, lawula imali yokubonelela ukuphumelela ukukhula kwezoqoqosho . Injongo yabo kukuthintela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso aphezulu kuzo zonke iindleko. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuchaphazela uqoqosho , kakubi.
Ukuba ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kungaphansi kolawulo, ngoko i-Fed inomgomo wesibini. Kumele ukunciphise ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kwinqanaba layo lemvelo. Ukuba ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kuphezulu kakhulu, ngoko ilizwe lingahle lihlawule.
I-Fed yenza ntoni oku? Ukunciphisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, i-Fed iphakamisa ixabiso lemali elondayo. Oku kunciphisa inani lemali ukuba iibhanki ziboleke. Ukunciphisa umboleki ukuboleka kunye nokufuna. Kwakhona kunciphisa ukwandiswa kwezoshishino, utyalo-mali kunye nokuqesha. Oko kubizwa ngokuba ngumgaqo-mali wezemali . Kunenzuzo ukwazi xa i-Fed iza kuphakamisa amaxabiso.
Inkqubo yemali yokwandisa ikhuthaza ukukhula koqoqosho ngokwenza kube lula ukuboleka. Abathengi banokuboleka ngaphezulu, ngoko baya kuthenga izinto ezifuna iimboleko, njengezindlu, iimoto, kunye nefenitshala. Amashishini asabela kwimfuno ngokuthatha imali yabo, iinkampani ezanda, ukuthenga izixhobo nokuqesha abantu abaninzi.
Ukuqaphela indlela uFake ophakamisa ngayo okanye ukunciphisa amaxabiso enzala kuza kukunika ingcaciso engcono yemigaqo-mali.
Ukwandiswa koqoqosho kunye nokuqhekeka kuyinxalenye yomjikelezo wezoshishino . I-Fed isebenzisa izixhobo zalo mgaqo-nkqubo wezemali ukugcina uqoqosho kwisigaba sokwandisa.