Indlela iBretton Woods eyalise ngayo iNdibano Yehlabathi Elitsha
UBretton Woods wamisa iMelika njengamandla amakhulu kula mabini mibutho kunye noqoqosho lwehlabathi.
Kungenxa yokuba ithatha indawo yegolide yegolide kunye ne-dollar yase-US. Emva kokuba sisayinwe, iMerika yiyona kuphela ilizwe elinokukwazi ukuprinta iidola .
Isivumelwano seBretton Woods
Isivumelwano seBretton Woods sidalwe kwintlanganiso ye-1944 yehlabathi lonke leMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Kwenzeke eBretton Woods, eNew Hampshire. Ngaphansi kwesivumelwano, amazwe athembise ukuba iibhanki zawo eziphambili ziza kugcina iintlawulo zokutshintshiselwa ngokukhawuleza phakathi kweemali zabo kunye nedola. Bayeza kuyenza njani le nto? Ukuba ixabiso lemali yelizwe lalingabuthathaka kakhulu kwi-dollar, ibhanki yayiza kuthengisa imali yayo kwiimarike zerhwebo lwangaphandle . Oku kuya kunciphisa ukubonelela, okuza kuphakamisa intlawulo. Ukuba imali yayo yaphakama kakhulu, ibhanki yayiza kuprinta ngaphezulu. Oku kuya kukwandisa ukubonelela nokunciphisa ixabiso layo.
Amalungu enkqubo yeBretton Woods avumile ukuphepha nayiphi na imfazwe yokurhweba. Ngokomzekelo, abayi kunciphisa imali yabo ngokwezemali ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba bandise urhwebo.
Kodwa babekwazi ukulawula iimali zabo phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Ngokomzekelo, bangathatha inyathelo ukuba utyalo-mali olwangaphandle lwangaphandle luqalise ukuphazamisa ezoqoqosho. Baya kuhlaziya kwakhona iimpawu zabo zemali ukuze bakhelwe emva kwemfazwe.
Indlela Yatshintsha ngayo i-Standard Standard
Ngaphambi kweBretton Woods, amazwe amaninzi alandela umgangatho wegolide .
Oku kuthetha ukuba ilizwe ngalinye liqinisekiswe ukuba liza kukhulula imali yayo ngenani layo kwigolide. Emva kweBretton Woods, ilungu ngalinye lavuma ukuhlenga imali yayo kwiidola zase-US, kungekhona igolide. Kutheni iidola? I-United States yabamba i-ezine yesine yenkonzo yegolide. Ayikho enye imali eyayinegolide elaneleyo yokuyibuyisela njengendawo yokutshintshwa. Ixabiso leli dola laliyi-1/35 yeyunithi yegolide. UBretton Woods avumela ihlabathi ukuba litshintshwe ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kumgangatho wegolide ukuya kumgangatho weeDola waseMelika.
Idola yayifake indawo esikhundleni segolide. Ngenxa yoko, ixabiso le dollar liye landa ukwanda kwezinye iirhafu. Kwakukho imfuneko yoko, nangona ukufaneleka kwayo kwigolide kwakusoloko kufanayo. Oku kwahlukana kwintengo kwandle imbewu yokuwa kweprogram yeBretton Woods emva kweminyaka emashumi amathathu.
Kutheni Kwakudingeka
Kuze kube yimfazwe yehlabathi I, amazwe amaninzi ayesisezingeni legolide. Kodwa bayahamba ukuze baprinte imali efunekayo yokuhlawula iindleko zabo zemfazwe. Kwabangelwa i- hyperinflation , njengoko ukubonelelwa ngemali kwandipha imfuno. Ixabiso lemali lawa ngokukhawuleza kangangokuthi ngezinye iimeko abantu babefuna iibharari ezigcwele imali ukuze zithenge isonka. Emva kwemfazwe, amazwe abuyela kwinqanaba legolide yegolide .
Yonke yahamba kakuhle kwaze kwaba yilapho iCapression Depression . Emva kowe- 1929 ukuhlaselwa kwemarike yemasheya , abatyali-mali batshintshela kwi- forex yokuthengisa kunye neemveliso . Yayiphakamisa intengo yegolide , eyenza abantu bahlawule iidola zabo ngegolide. I- Federal Reserve yenza izinto zibi nakakhulu ngokukhusela i-reserve yegolide yelizwe ngokunyusa amaxabiso . Akumangalisi ukuba amazwe ayekulungele ukushiya umgangatho wegolide ococekileyo.
Inkqubo yeBretton Woods inikezela iintlanga ukuguquguquka kunokunyanzela ngokukhawuleza kwinqanaba legolide, kodwa ukungahambisani nokunyaniseka kunokuba kungabikho mgangatho. Ilungu lelizwe lihlala likwazi ukuguqula ixabiso layo lemali xa lifuneka ukuba lilungise "isifo esiyintloko" kwi -balance balance account .
Indima ye-IMF kunye neBhanki yehlabathi
Inkqubo yeBretton Woods ayikwazanga ukusebenza ngaphandle kwe-IMF. Kungenxa yokuba amazwe amalungu ayedinga ukuwabhankula ukuba ixabiso lawo mali liphantsi kakhulu.
Bayafuna uhlobo lwebhanki ephakathi jikelele abaya kuboleka kuyo xa befuna ukulungelelanisa ixabiso lemali yabo, kwaye babengenayo imali ngokwabo. Ngaphandle koko, babeza kubetha nje kwiintengiselwano zorhwebo okanye ukuphakanyiswa kweerhafu .
Amazwe eBretton Woods anqumene nokunika i-IMF igunya lebhanki yehlabathi jikelele, ukuprinta imali njengoko kuyimfuneko. Esikhundleni saloo nto, bavuma ukufaka isandla kwiqonga elithile elikhethiweyo leemali zelizwe kunye negolide ezobanjelwa yi-IMF. Ilungu ngalinye leprogram yeBretton Woods yayinelungelo lokuboleka oko kwakufunekayo, ngaphandle kwemida yalo. I-IMF nayo ixanduva lokunyanzelisa isivumelwano seBretton Woods.
I-Bhanki yehlabathi, nangona egama layo, kwakungeyona yebhanki ephakathi . Ngexesha lesivumelwano saseBretton Woods, iBhanki yehlabathi yasetyenziselwa ukuboleka kumazwe aseYurophu aphangiwe yiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ngoku injongo yeBhanki yehlabathi kukuboleka imali kwiiprojekthi zophuhliso lwezoqoqosho kumazwe athengisayo athengayo.
I-Collapse ye-Bretton Woods System
Ngomnyaka we-1971, i-United States yayijongene ne- stagflation enkulu. Oku kubandakanyeka kokufa kwexabiso lentengo kunye nokunciphisa . Kwakuyingxenye yecandelo ledoli njengemali yehlabathi. Ephendula, uMongameli uNixon waqala ukuchasisa ixabiso le dolaphu ngegolide. I-Nixon yahlaziywa idola ukuya kwi-1/38 yeyunithi yegolide, emva kwe-1/42 yeyunithi.
Kodwa isicwangciso siphendule. Yakha ukugijima kwiindawo zegolide zase-US e-Fort Knox njengoko abantu bahlenga iidola zabo ngokukhawuleza zegolide. Ngomnyaka we-1973, uNixon akazange akhuphe ixabiso le dollar kwigolide ngokupheleleyo. Ngaphandle kokulawulwa kwexabiso, igolide iqhutywe ngokukhawuleza ibe yi-$ 120 ngeeyunithi kwimarike yamahhala . Inkqubo yeBretton Woods iphelile. (Umthombo: "Ingxabano Ngokwexabiso leDolari," Ixesha, Oktobha 4, 1971. "UBretton Woods," uBenjamin Cohen. "Imbali emfutshane kaBretton Woods," Ixesha. "