Kuzo, idoli yase-US iyona ethandwa kakhulu. Yenza amaphesenti angama-64 kuwo onke amabhankinari aphakathi kwamashishini angaphandle . Oko kwenza ukuba kube yimali yelizwe jikelele, nangona ayinayo isihloko selizwe esisemthethweni.
Enyanisweni, ihlabathi linemali engama-185 ngokweNkqubo yeZizwe zamaZiko eHlabathi. Uninzi lwezi currencies lusetyenziswa kuphela ngaphakathi kumazwe abo. Naliphi na omnye kubo onokuthi ayifake i-dollar njengemali yehlabathi. Kodwa mhlawumbi abayi kuba nezizathu ezahlukeneyo.
Imali elandelayo yokugcina imali yi-euro. I-19.9 ekhulwini kuphela yeendawo ezigcinwe kwiibhanki zemali zangaphandle zamabhanki zi-euro njengekota yesibini ye-2017. Ikhefu le-euro libe yindleko yehlabathi jikelele njengoko i- eurozone crisis inzima . Kodwa ingxaki ibonisa ubunzima bokudala imali yehlabathi.
I-Dollar yase-US Yona lizwe eliMandla kakhulu
Amandla enxulumene noqoqosho lwase-US axhasa ukubaluleka kwemali yayo. Yisizathu sokuba idola liyimali enamandla kakhulu . Phantsi kwee-bhiliyoni ezingama-580 zeebhilidi zase-US zisetyenziswe ngaphandle kwelizwe. Yiyo iipesenti ezingama-65 zama-dollar. Oku kuquka amaphesenti angama-75 eebhilidi eziyi-100, iipesenti ezingama-55 zeebhilidi ezingama-50 kunye namaphesenti angama-60 eebhilidi ezingama-20.
Uninzi lwale mithetho yeebhilile kwiizwe zangaphambili zaseSoviet Union naseLatin America.
Ikheshi libonisa nje indima yedola njengemali yehlabathi. Ngaphezu kwekota yesithathu yomkhiqizo wekhaya ovela kwilizwe uvela kumazwe atyalela iirenda zabo kwiidola. Oku kuquka amazwe asixhenxe awamkele idoli.
Omnye u-89 ugcine imali yakhe kwindawo efanelekileyo yokurhweba ehambelana nedola.
Kwiimarike zerhwebo lwangaphandle , i-dollar imigaqo. Amaphesenti angama-85 e- forex yorhwebo afaka idoli yase-US. Ngaphezulu, i-39 ekhulwini letyala lehlabathi likhutshwa ngeedola. Ngenxa yoko, iibhanki zamanye amazwe zidinga iidola ezininzi ukuqhuba ishishini. Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha leengxaki zezimali zango - 2008 , iibhanki ezingezizo ze-US zazingama-27 trillion zama-altare kumazwe ngamazwe angamazwe angaphandle. Kulo, i-$ 18 trillion yayingama-dollar yase-US . I-Federal Federal Reserve yenyusa idoli yayo yokutshintshela umgca ukuze kugcinwe iibhanki zehlabathi ukuphuma kweedola.
Inkathazo yezemali yenza idola ngokusetyenziswa kakhulu. Ngo-2017, iibhanki zaseJapan, iJamani, iFransi kunye ne-United Kingdom zineentlawulo ezingaphezu kweedola kuneedola. Imithetho yeBhanki eyenziwe ukukhusela enye inkathazo yenza imali idlulele. Ukwenza izinto zibe zibi nakakhulu, i-Federal Reserve ikwandisa izinga lemali elondliwe . Oku kunciphisa imali yokubonelela ngemali ngokwenza iindleko ezibiza kakhulu ukuboleka.
Esinye isibonakaliso samandla edoli yindlela abaorhulumente abazimisele ngayo ukubamba idola kwiindawo zabo zokutshintshiselana kwamanye amazwe. Oorhulumente bafumana i-currencies kwiintengiso zabo ngamazwe ngamazwe.
Baphinde bawamkele kumashishini asekhaya kunye nabahambi abawakhululayo kwiingingqi zemali.
Ukongezelela, abanye oorhulumente batyala imali yabo kwiimali zangaphandle. Abanye, njengeChina kunye neJapan, bathengi ngamabango iifrenti zabalingani babo abaphambili. Bazama ukugcina imali yabo ixabiso elincinci xa kuthelekiswa ukuze abo bathengiweyo bathengiswe ngentengiso.
Kutheni iDola iyimali yomhlaba wonke
Isivumelwano se- Bretton Woods sika-1944 sakha idoli kwisithuba sayo samanje. Ngaphambi koko, amaninzi amazwe asemgangathweni wegolide . Oorhulumente babo bathembisa ukukhulula iirhafu zabo ngexabiso labo kwigolide xa befuna. Amazwe aphuhlisiwe ehlabathini adibana neBretton Woods, eNew Hampshire, ukukhangela izinga lokutshintshiselwa kuzo zonke iindleko kwiDola laseMelika. Ngaloo xesha, iUnited States yayigcine iindawo ezinkulu zokugcina igolide.
Esi sivumelwano savumela amanye amazwe ukuba abuyisele imali yabo ngeedola, kunokuba igolide.
Ekuqaleni kwee-1970, amazwe aqala ukufuna igolide ngeedola. Kwakudingeka balwe namaxabiso . Esikhundleni sokuvumela i-Fort Knox ukuba igqitywe kuyo yonke indawo yayo, uMongameli uNixon wahlula idola kwigolide. Ngaloo xesha, idola yayisele ibe yindleko ephezulu yokugcina umhlaba. Ukufumana okungakumbi, khangela i- stagflation .
Iifowuni zeMali Yelizwe Elilodwa
Ngo-Matshi 2009, i-China ne-Russia bafuna imali entsha yehlabathi. Bafuna ihlabathi lidale i-currency reserve "ekhutshwe kwiintlanga ezihlukeneyo kwaye iyakwazi ukuhlala isigxina ekuhambeni kwexesha, ngaloo ndlela isusa ukungaphumeleli okubangelwa ngokusetyenziswa kweemali zelizwe-mali."
I-China yayikhathazekile ukuba izigidigidi ezibanjwe kwiidola ziya kuba nexabiso elincinci xa i-dollar yokunyuka kwamaxabiso ingena kuyo. Oku kuya kwenzeka ngenxa yokuchitha imali yase-United States nokunyathelisa i-US Treasurys ukuxhasa ityala le-US . I-China yabiza i- International Monetary Fund ukuba ivelise imali ukuze ithathe indawo yodola.
Kwikota yesine ye-2016, i- renminbi yaseTshayina yaba enye yee-currencies zelizwe. Ngomhla we-Q3 2017, iibhanki eziphambili zehlabathi zenze i-$ 108 yezigidi zexabiso. Okokuqala kuqalisa, kodwa kuya kuqhubeka ukukhula kwikamva. Kungenxa yokuba iChina ifuna ukuba imali yayo iqhutywe ngokupheleleyo kwiimarike zerhwebo zangaphandle. Ingathanda ukuba i- yuan ingene esikhundleni se dollar njengemali yehlabathi . Ukwenza njalo, i- China iguqula uqoqosho lwayo .