Kutheni amazwe ahlawula imali yawo kwiDola
I-dollar peg xa ilizwe ligcina ixabiso layo lemali kwizinga elitshintshiselweyo lokutshintshela kwiDola ye-US . Ibhanki yeli lizwe lilawula ixabiso lemali yalo ukuze likhuphuke liwele kunye nedola. Ixabiso le dolali liyashintsha ngenxa yokuba isantya sokutshintsha .
Kukho ubuncinane amazwe angama-66 angabamba imali kwi dollar okanye asebenzise idola njengetyala labo elisemthethweni.
Idola iyathandwa kakhulu kuba yindawo yokugcina umhlaba . Iinqununu zehlabathi zanikezela ukuba isimo kwiSivumelwano se-Bretton Woods ngo- 1944 .
Umgijimi u- euro . Amazwe angamashumi amabini anantlanu axolela imali yawo. Amalungu angama-17 ase-eurozone ayisebenzisa njengemali yabo.
Ingaba isebenza kanjani
I-dollar peg isebenzisa izinga lokutshintshiselwa . Oko kuthetha ukuba ibhanki eliphambili lelizwe lithembisa ukuba liya kukunika inani elimisiweyo lemali yalo ngokubuyisela kwi-dollar yase-US. Ukugcina le ngqungquthela, ilizwe kufuneka libe neerandi ezininzi. Yingakho abaninzi belizwe abagubungela imali yabo kwi dollar baninzi ukuthumela kuma-United States. Iinkampani zabo zifumana iintlawulo ezininzi zeedola. Batshintshela idola ngemali yasekuhlaleni ukuhlawula abasebenzi kunye nabathengi bekhaya.
Iibhanki eziMbindi zihlala zisebenzisa iidola ukuthenga i- US Treasurys . Bakwenza oku ukufumana umdla kwimali yabo. Ukuba badinga ukunyusa imali ukuhlawula iinkampani zabo, kulula ukuthengisa i-Treasurys kwimarike yesibini.
Ibhanki yelizwe eliyinkunzi liya kubeka esweni isantya sokutshintshiselana kwemali ngokumalunga nexabiso leli dola. Ukuba imali iyawela ngaphantsi kwesikhonkwane, kufuneka iphakanyise ixabiso layo ize ihlawule ixabiso leli dola. Yenza oku ngokuthengisa ii-Treasurys kwimarike yesibini. Oku kunika imali yebhanki ukuthenga imali yendawo.
Ngokongeza kwi-Treasurys, ixabiso lalo lihla, kunye nexabiso le dollar. Ukunciphisa ukubonelelwa kwemali yasekhaya ukuphakamisa ixabiso layo. Ingxowa ibuyiselwa.
Ukugcina iindleko ezilinganayo kunzima, kuba ixabiso leli dola liguquka rhoqo. Yingakho amazwe athile agqiba ixabiso leemali zabo kwibala le dollar esikhundleni senani elichanekileyo.
Umzekelo
I-China isebenzisa izinga lokutshintshiselwa. Kungenxa yokuba ukhetha ukugcina imali yayo iphantsi ukwenza ukuba amazwe angaphandle aphumelele. Enyanisweni, lonke ilizwe lizama ukwenza oku, kodwa bambalwa abanokukwazi ukugcina iShayina. Ngaphezulu, khangela iMali yeeMali .
Amandla aseTshayina aphuma kumashishini ayo aphesheya kweMelika. Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kubaninzi abathengi ngekhompyutha, iimpahla kunye nemishini. Ukongeza, ezininzi iinkampani zase-United States zisezantsi zithumela izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kumafektri aseTshayina kwiintlanganiso ezincinci. Iimpahla ezigqityiweyo zithengiswa ngaphandle xa zithunyelwa eMelika. Ngaphezulu, bona i- US Trade Deficit neChina.
Iinkampani zaseTshayina zifumana iidola zaseMelika njengentlawulo yokuthumela ngaphandle kwazo. Bafaka iidola kwiibhanki zabo ukuze batshintshe i- yuan ukuhlawula abasebenzi babo. Amabhanki athumela iidola kwiibhanki eziphambili zaseChina, ezithintela kwiindawo zokugcina iimali .
Oku kunciphisa ukubonelelwa kweedola ezikhoyo kwizorhwebo. Oko kubeka uxinzelelo oluphezulu kwidola. Ngaphezulu, jonga njani iChina ifuthe kwiDola ye-US?
Ibhanki ephakathi yaseChina nayo isebenzisa iidola ukuthenga i- US Treasurys . Ifuna ukutyalomali idoli yayo ibe yinto ekhuselekileyo ekwazisa kwakhona, kwaye akukho nto ikhuselekileyo kunokuba i-Treasurys. I-China iyayazi oku kuya kuqinisa ngakumbi idola kunye nokunciphisa inani le-yuan. Ngaphezulu, jonga iMali-mboleko yase-US eChina .
Kutheni amazwe ahlawula imali yawo kwiDola
Ubume beli dola lase-US njengendawo yokugcina imali yelizwe kwenza amazwe amaninzi afune ukuwugubungela. Esinye isizathu kukuba ukuthengiswa kwemali kunye nerhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwenziwa kwiidola zase-US. Amazwe axhomekeka kakhulu kwicandelo lawo lezemali abambelela kwiimali zabo kwiidola.
Imizekelo yale mazwe axhomekeke kwizorhwebo yiHong Kong, iMalaysia neSingapore.
Amanye amazwe athengisa izinto ezininzi eUnited States agqithise iindleko zazo kwiidola ukugcina intengo yokuncintisana. Bazama ukugcina ixabiso lemali yabo engaphantsi kwedola. Oku kubanika inzuzo yokufanisa ngokwenza ukuba amazwe angaphandle athengise imali.
IJapane ayigcini i-yen ibe yidola. Indlela yayo ifana neChina. Izama ukugcina i-yen iphantsi iqhathaniswa nedola ngoba ithumela kakhulu kwi-United States. NjengeChina, ifumana iindidi ezininzi zeedola. Ngenxa yoko, iBhanki yaseJapan yithengi enkulu kunazo zonke ze-US Treasurys. I-China kunye neJapan yibona banini baninzi bengaphandle kwamatyala ase-US .
Amanye amazwe, njengeentlanga ezithumela ioli kwiGulf Cooperation Council , kufuneka zikhonkwane imali kwi dollar kuba ioli ithengiswa ngeedola. Ngenxa yoko, banenani elikhulu leeedola kwimali yabo yobutyebi . Ezi zixhobo ze- petrodollars zihlala zityalomali kumashishini ase-US ukuba zifumane ukubuyiswa okukhulu. Ngokomzekelo, u-Abu Dhabi utyalombile i-petrodollars eCitigroup ukukhusela i-bankruptcy ngo-2008.
Amazwe enza ininzi yokurhweba kunye neChina aya kuphinda abambe imali yabo kwi dollar. Kungenxa yokuba bafuna ukuba amazwe abo aphumelele ukukhuphisana nemarike yaseTshayina. Bafuna ukuba amaxabiso abo angaphandle ahlale ehambelana neYayan yaseTshayina. Ukugqithisa imali yabo kwi dollar kufezekisa oko.