Amazwe aMazwe amaninzi aTyala
Imali efana neyobanjelwe kwiibhanki eziphambili zeentlanga ayikho imali yongxowankulu ngenxa yokuba iinjongo ezahlukeneyo.
Ibhanki ephambili ibamba iimali zokulawula ixabiso lemali yayo, ukukhuthaza uqoqosho okanye ukuthintela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ingxowa-mali yobutyebi nje ifuna nje ukufumana ukubuyela okuphezulu.
Nazi ezinye iimali ezingadityaniswa kunye neengxowa-mali zolawulo:
- Iimali ezigcinwe ziinkampani zikaRhulumente.
- Imali yomhlalaphantsi yomqeshwa karhulumente.
- Imali yecandelo lobutyebi.
Indlela abachaphazela ngayo uqoqosho lwe-US
Isixa semali esabanjwe yimali yobutyebi bombuso sele iphindwe kabini ukususela ngoSeptemba 2007, ukusuka kwi-3.265 trillion kwi $ 7.6 trillion ngo-2017. Iimpahla zabo zeempahla zibuye ziphindwe kabini kuzo zonke iinqwelo zemali ezidibeneyo.
Ezi mali zikhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuchaphazela iimarike jikelele. Ngokomzekelo, bathatha iinqaba ezinkulu eCitigroup, uMorgan Stanley kunye noMerrill Lynch ngexesha leengxaki zemali. Bakha ibhola yexabiso kwiLondon naseNew York yangempela. Ezi mali zichaphazela ngokubanzi njengoko abatyali-mali bebexakeke ngakumbi.
Ixabiso eliphezulu leoli likhuthaza ukukhula kweengxowa-mali ezininzi phakathi ko-2007 no-2014.
Ngelo xesha, phantse iipesenti ezingama-60 zeempahla zabo zivela kwioli ne-gas revenue. Inkxalabo yezimali ka-2008 yayinganyanzeli ukukhula kwabo. Ezi zithatha i-$ 4 trillion ngo-Disemba 2009 kunye ne-5,5 trillion ngo-Matshi 2012.
Fund Fund Fund
I-Pension Fund yasePorsi yeNorway iyona inkulu, ngokutsho kweNkosana yeSizwe iFund Wealth Fund.
Ukususela ngoDisemba 2017, ibambe i $ 1.03 trillion. Iingeniso zayo zivela kwi-oil Sea operation. Ukuhla kwexabiso leoli kunye nemali yaseNorway, i-krone, indleko yenkxaso-mali yezigidi eziyi-17 kwiMatshi ngo-2015.
Iimali zeMpuma Ephakathi . Ezi mali zixhomekeka kakhulu kwii-oli zangaphandle. Benza malunga nesithathu sobutyebi bonke kwiimali ezizimeleyo . Amazwe aseMpuma Mpuma aza kuba ne-$ 9 trillion ukutyalomali ngo-2020, ngokwemilinganiselo kaMcKinsey,
| Iimali ezili-10 eziphakathi kwe-Middle East Fund (kwiibhiliyoni) | Izwe | 2017 |
|---|---|---|
| Igunya loTyalo-mali lwe-Abu Dhabi | UAE | $ 828.0 |
| Igunya loTyalomali eKwait | Khuweyithi | $ 524.0 |
| SAMA | ISaudi Arabia | $ 494.0 |
| Igarha yoTywala | Khwatha | $ 320.0 |
| Investment Corp of Dubai | UAE | $ 209.5 |
| Utyalo mali | ISaudi Arabia | $ 223.9 |
| Mubadala Development Co. | UAE | $ 125.0 |
| IBhunga loTyalo-mali lwe-Abu Dhabi | UAE | $ 123.0 |
| KwiSizwe soPhuhliso lweMali | Iran | $ 91.0 |
| IGunya loTyalo-mali | Libhiya | $ 66.0 |
Iimali zeChina. Amazwe athengisa ixabiso leempahla aqokelela kunye nemali emikhulu yemali yangaphandle efuna ukutyalomali. Umzekelo omhle weli yiChina, eneengxowa-mali ezihlanu. Edibeneyo, le mali ichithe i-$ 2 trillion ye $ 3 triliyoni ilizwe liqokelele. Ibhanki eliphambili laseChina lilawula bonke ukulawula imali yalo.
Iinkampani eziqhutyelwa nguRhulumente kunye neebhanki zichithe le nto. Iifowuni nganye ineenjongo ezihlukeneyo.
- I-China Investment Corp: i-$ 900 yezigidigidi. Ithengisa kwi-real estate yangaphandle, izibonelelo, kunye namashishini karhulumente.
- SAFE Investment Corp: $ 441 yezigidigidi. Iquka iinkampani ezintathu zotyalo-mali ezisezantsi kwamanye amazwe. Ziquka iNkampani Yotyalo-mali yeRiphabhlikhi Yabantu baseTshayina eSingapore, Isihlahla saseGingko e-UK, kunye neBeryl Datura kwiiBritish Virgin Islands. Ithengisa kwizibonelelo.
- Igunya leMali likaHong Kong: i-$ 456.6 yezigidigidi. Ithengisa kwi-stock market ye-Hang Seng kwaye isekela ukuzinza kwezimali kwe-Hong Kong.
- Ingxowa-mali yeSizwe soKhuseleko loLuntu: i-$ 295 yezigidigidi. Ilawula iimali ezifunyenwe kumashishini karhulumente kunye nezinye iimali zentlawulo karhulumente. Ithengisa ikakhulukazi eChina. Uceba ukutyalombela iipesenti ezingama-20 zokubambisa kwiimarike ezikhulayo kunye neYurophu.
- Ingxowa-mali ye-China-Afrika: i-$ 5 billion. Ithengisa kwiimpahla kunye nezibophelelo e-Afrika.
ZeNgxowa-mali. Isixeko / ilizwe laseSingapore linemali ebininzi yobutyebi, ephethe ii-dollar ezingama-556 zeebhiliyoni. Iimali zivela kwizinga eliphezulu lokulondolozwa kunye nezindleko zotyalo-mali zabantu kunye namashishini kweli liziko lemali lehlabathi.
Eyona nkulu nguRhulumente weSingapore Investment Corporation, ngoku iNgxowa-mali ye-GIC Private Limited. I-$ 359 yezigidigidi. Iphethwe kwaye ixhaswa ngemali nguRhulumente. Ukwahlula kumabhankana amancinci amathathu:
- Ulawulo lwe-Asset ye-GIC: Utyalomali kuma-equities, bonds, utshintshiselwano lwangaphandle, kunye nokunye utyalo-mali.
- I-GIC Real Estate: Le ndawo ineziganeko ezingaphezu kwe-200 kumazwe angama-30, kunye nee- REIT .
- I-GIC Investments Special Special Limited: Le enye yeefayile ezinkulu zezobuntu ezizimeleyo . Ithengisa imali yokuthenga, i-capital venture, kunye nezibonelelo.
Ingxowa yezinye iimali zaseSingapore i-Temasek. Ithengisa i-1977 yezigidigidi kwii-subsidiary ezingama-35. Ijolise ngokutyalomali kwi-Asia kunye notyalo-mali olunxulumene namandla. Izitoko zokuthenga endaweni yokutsalwa kwezimali ngqo. I-Temasek yavula i-ofisi yaseNew York ngo-2013. Abahlalutyi babelindele ukuba i-Temasek isitshintshe isicwangciso sayo ekubeni ibe neentsika ezincinci kwiinkampani eziluhlu olusibhakabhakeni zikarhulumente kwiindawo ezinkulu zokutshala imali.