Iipetrodollars kunye neNkqubo eyayidala

Ngaba i-Petrodollar Collapse iya

I-petrodollar nayiphi na idoli yase-US ehlawulwa kumazwe athengisa amafutha ngokutshintshwa kweoli. Ekubeni idoli iyimali yehlabathi , zonke iintengiso zehlabathi zithengwa ngeedola. Ngenxa yoko, iintlanga ezithumela iioli kufuneka zithole iirandi. Oko kwenza imali yabo yesizwe ixhomeke kwixabiso leli dola . Ukuba iyawa, kunjalo nenzuzo karhulumente.

Ngenxa yoko, uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba baseMelika nabo banokubamba iirenda zabo kwiidola.

Ngaloo ndlela, ukuba ixabiso ledoli liwa, ngokunjalo intengo yazo zonke iimpahla zabo zasekhaya kunye neenkonzo. Oku kunceda la mazwe aphephe ukuguquka okukhulu kwixabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso okanye ukuchasana .

Ukuza Kokuza kwePetrodollar?

I-United States isebenzisa amandla e-petrodollars ukunyanzelisa umgaqo-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle. Kodwa amazwe amaninzi awalwa. Bayika ukuba kuya kuthetha ukuwa kwe-petrodollar.

Ngokomzekelo, iUnited States yamgweba i- Iran ngokungafuni ukumisa ukuphuhliswa kwayo kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Ngokufanayo, iRashiya yabetha iimpawu zokurhweba eCrimea kunye nokudala ingxaki e-Ukraine . Ngenxa yoko, la mazwe asayine isivumelwano seminyaka emihlanu yezorhwebo kunye nomnye onokuxabisa i-$ 20 billion. Ngokuchanekileyo, ayikho intlawulo kwiidola, kwaye iquka ukuthengiswa kweoli ye-Iran.

I-Venezuela ne-Iran nayo isayine iikontraka zeoli kwiimali zabo endaweni ye-petrodollars. I-China yafuna ukutshintshwa kwedoli yase-US njengemali yehlabathi.

Okumangalisa kukuba, nguyena wabanikazi bamanye amazwe abakhulu beedola. I-China ithonya idoli yase-US ngokugqithisa imali yayo, i-yuan, kuyo.

Ngaba ezi zihlaselo ezinzima kwi dollar ziza kubhidlika? Hayi, ubuncinane kungekudala. Kungenxa yokuba ayikho enye into efanelekileyo. I- Euro yinkcitho yesibini ejikeleza kakhulu.

Kuye kwahlaselwa ngaphakathi, ngenxa yentlekele ye-Eurozone .

IPetrodollar System

Inkqubo ye-petrodollar yavela kwiinkomfa ze- Bretton Woods ngowe- 1944 . Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iUnited States ibambe ininzi yehlabathi ngegolide. Kwavunyelwana ukukhulula nayiphi na idola yase-US ngokubaluleka kwayo kwigolide xa onke amanye amazwe ayigxotha imali kwi dollar. Oku kuseka i dollar njengelizwe lokugcina imali.

Ngomhla kaFebruwari 14, 1945, uMongameli Roosevelt wenza isivumelwano kunye neSaudi Arabia. Wadibana no-Saudi ukumkani Abd al-Aziz. I-United States yakha i-airfield eDhahran ngokubuyela kwimfundo yemikhosi kunye nezoshishino. Ububambano basinda kwiimeko ezahlukileyo zengxabano kwimpikiswano yama-Arab-Israel.

Kuza kuthatha esinye isivumelwano somhlaba wonke ukubuyisela idola ngeminye into. Abantu abaninzi baye bakhathazeka becinga lo mbuzo, " Ngaba iDollar yase-US iya kuwa? "U

Ngomnyaka we-1971, i-US stagflation yabangela ukuba iUnited Kingdom ihlenge iinzili zayo zase-US zegolide. UMongameli uNixon wathatha idola ngokumgangatho wegolide ukukhusela iindawo zokugcina zegolide. Ngenxa yoko, ixabiso le dollar liye lahla. Kodwa ngokwembali yemigangatho yegolide, ukushiya izinga legolide kukhuthaze ukukhula koqoqosho kwi-United States nakwamanye amazwe.

Nangona kunjalo, okwenzakalisa i-Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Oku kungenxa yokuba izivumelwano zabo zeoli zithengwa kwiidola zase-US. Ingeniso yabo yeoli ihla kunye nedola. Iindleko zokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe, ezixhomekeke kwezinye iirhafu, zanda.

Ngomnyaka we-1973, uNixon wabuza iCongress yokuncedisa impi kumaSirayeli kwiYom Kippur War. I-OPEC igxininise i-oli e-export e-United States kunye namanye ama-allies ase-Israel. I- OPEC ye-oyile ye-oyile iphindwe kabini ixabiso leoli ezintandathu. Amanani ahlala ephezulu nangemva kokuba i-embargo iphelile.

Petrodollar Recycling

Ngo-29179, i-United States ne-Saudi Arabia baxubusha i-United States-i-Saudi Arabia Commission yoQhagamshelwano loQoqosho. Bavuma ukusebenzisa i-dollar yaseMerika ukuhlawula iikontraka zeoli. Iidola zaseU.S. ziya kuphinda zibuye zibuyele eMelika ngokusebenzisa izivumelwano kunye nabontraki base-US.

Ukususela ngoko, amazwe angaphandle okuthunyelwa ngamafutha ayenze ngakumbi. Ngoku bavuselela i-petrodollars yabo ngemali yeengxowa-mali . Basebenzisa le mali ukutshala imali kwiindawo ezingekho phantsi kweoli. Iingeniso ezi shishini zibenza zincinci ngaphantsi kwexabiso leoli. Nazi iiprodollar ezinkulu zehlabathi ezisemgangathweni ezikhethwe ngamaxabiso ngo-2017:

1. I-Norms Government Pension Fund - i-$ 1.032 trillion.
2. UAE Igunya loTyalo-mali lwe-Abu Dhabi - i-$ 828 yezigidigidi.
3. Igunya loTyalo-mali le-Kuwait - $ 524 billion.
4. I-Saudi Arabia I-SAMA - $ 494 yezigidigidi.
5. Igunya loTyalo-mali lwe-Qatar - i-$ 320 billion.
6. I-Saudi Arabia yeNgxowa-mali yoLuntu-mali-$ 223.9 billion.
7. UAE Abu Dhabi Mubadala Investment Inkampani - $ 125 billion.
8. UAE IBhunga loTyalo-mali lwe-Abu Dhabi - i-$ 123 billion.
9. INgxowa-mali yeZiko loPhuhliso lwe-Iran - i-$ 91 billion.
10. IRashiya yeNational Welfare Fund - i-$ 66.3 billion.
11. Igunya loTyalomali eLibyan - i-$ 66 billion.
12. I-Alaska Permanent Fund - i-$ 61.5 billion.
13. Kazakhstan Samruk-Kazyna JSC - $ 60.9 billion.
14. IsiKhwama seSizwe saseKazakhstan - i-$ 57.9 yezigidigidi.
15. I-Arhente yeNtengiso ye-Brunei - i-$ 40 yezigidigidi.
16. INgxowa-mali yesikolo yaseTexas yokuQinisekisa-i-$ 37.7 yezigidi.
17. I-UAE iGunya loTyalo-mali le-Emirates - i-$ 34 billion.
18. I-Azerbaijan State Oil Fund - i-$ 33.1 yezigidigidi.

Apho iPetrodollars iya

Ingxelo ye-Nondyebo ka-2006 ye-US ibonise ukuba ukunyuka kwexabiso leoli kwenze i-$ 1.3 trillion eyongezelelweyo kwimali kwii- OPEC kumazwe ukususela ngo-1998. Ingeniso ye-oil yasetyenziselwa ukunyuka kwamanye amazwe angaphandle , umvuzo ophezulu kubasebenzi bakaRhulumente, ukwanda kweemali kunye nokuhlawulwa kwetyala. Amazwe avelisa ioli asebenzisa le mali ukuze anikezele umkhombe ukuba abuyele. Baye bafunda ukusuka ekutyekeni kwemali ka-1998 xa kufuneke ukuba ixabiso leoli liye kwaye amaxabiso ayehla. Ezi zenzo zanceda ekunciphiseni ukunganyaniseki kwezoqoqosho kunye noqoqosho lwehlabathi.

Ukufikelela kuma-70 ekhulwini weeRandi ezigidi ezingama-700 kwii-OPEC zemali zokugcina imali ezingenakukwazi ukubalwa yi-Bureau of Settlements International. I-BIS yamkela kuphela amalungu e-OPEC, ukwenzela ukuba iimali ezingekho ii-OPEC nazo zingabonakali. I-Nondyebo yathi amazwe angamazwe angaphandle athengwa malunga ne-$ 270 yezigidi kwi- securities yase-US. Ngokusekelwe kolunye ulwazi, bakrokrela ukuba imali engabonakaliyo-mali ingeniswe kwiimali-mboleko zokwakha, iimarike zengingqi yesithili, iimali ze-equity funds kunye ne- hedge funds . Imali engaziwayo ingeniswe imali kwii-asethi zase-US ngokusebenzisa abaphathi bamazwe angaphandle.

Ezi ipetrodollars ezifihliweyo zandisa ukwanda kwehlabathi. Oku kungenxa yobukhulu becala be $ 400 billion. Ukuba kukho kwi- Treasury yase-US, ukuhoxiswa kweso sikhulu kunokubangela ukuncipha kweedola kunye neerhafu eziphezulu . Oku kusenokwenzeka ukuba akunakwenzeka, ekubeni iUnited States nayo ingomnye wabathengi beoli abagqwesileyo be-OPEC.