I-OPEC ye-Oil Embargo, i-Causes Its, kunye neempembelelo zeCrisis

Iinyaniso Ngomngcipheko we-Arabhu wama-1973

I I-OPEC ye- oil embargo yisigqibo sokuyeka ukuthunyelwa kweoli kwi-United States. Amalungu alishumi elinesibini e-Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries avumelene ne-embargo ngo-Oktobha 19, 1973. Kwiinyanga ezintandathu ezizayo, amaxabiso eoli aphindwe kabini. Amanani ahlala kumazinga aphezulu nangemva kokugqitywa kwe-embargo ngo-Matshi 1974.

Ukuhlaziywa kwembali yexabiso leoli kwityhila ukuba akuzange kube yinto efanayo. Ukususela kwi-embargo, u-OPEC uye waqhubeka esebenzisa impembelelo yayo ekulawuleni ixabiso leoli.

Namhlanje, ii-OPEC zilawula iipesenti ezingama-42 zeenkonzo zeoli. Ikwalawula kwakhona iipesenti ezingama-61 zeoli kunye nama-80 ekhulwini e- oil reserves .

Izizathu

Ngomnyaka we-1971, uMongameli uNixon wenza ukuba i-embargo ithathe isigqibo sokuthatha i-United States ngaphandle komgangatho wegolide . Ngenxa yoko, amazwe akakwazanga ukukhusela iidola zase - US kwiindawo zabo zokugcina iimali zangelizwe. Ngeli nyathelo, i-Nixon yahambelana neSivumelwano se-Bretton Woods ka -1944. Ukunyuka kwakhe kwathumela intengo yegolide ephazamisayo. Imbali yenqanaba legolide libonisa ukuba oku kwakungenakupheka. Kodwa isenzo sikaNixon ngokukhawuleza kwaye singalindelekanga ukuba sithumele inani le dollar phantsi.

Inani lokunciphisa idoli lilimaza amazwe e-OPEC. Iikontraka zabo zeoli zithengwa kwiidola zase-US. Oku kuthetha ukuba imali yabo yawela kunye nedola. Iindleko zokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe eziye zahlanganiswa kwezinye iirhafu zahlala zifana okanye zivukile. I-OPEC yade icinga ixabiso leoli kwigolide, endaweni yeedola, ukugcina imali engenayo.

I-OPEC, umzila wokugqibela owafika xa iUnited States yamxhasa u-Israyeli ngokumelene neYiputa kwiYom Kippur War. Ngo-Oktobha 19, 1973, uNixon wacela i-$ 2.2 yezigidigidi kwiCongress kwi-emergency aid yamaSirayeli. Amalungu aseArabhu e-OPEC ayiphendule ngokunquma i-oil export to United States kunye namanye ama-allies ase-Israel.

I-Yiputa, iSiriya kunye no-Israyeli babhengezela ngo-Oktobha 25, 1973. Kodwa i-OPEC yaqhubeka i-embargo kude kube ngo-Matshi 1974. Ngaloo ndlela, amaxabiso eoli ayenyuka kwi-$ 2.90 / ibhayili ukuya kwi-11.65 / ibhayili.

I ziphumo

I-oil embargo ikwabikwa ngokubanzi ngokubangela ukunyuka kwe-1973-1975. Kodwa iipolisi zaseburhulumenteni zaseUnited States zibangele ukunyuka kwemali kunye ne- stagflation ehamba nayo. Baquka ukulawulwa kwamanani e-Nixon kunye ne- Federal Reserve ye- stop-go policy policy . Ukulawulwa kwamanani okuhlawulelwa kwemali kutyhoqele iinkampani ukuba zigcine umvuzo ophezulu, oko kuthetha ukuba amashishini anqamle abasebenzi ukuba banciphise iindleko. Ngelo xesha, abazange bakwazi ukunciphisa amaxabiso ukukhuthaza imfuno . Kwawa xa abantu belahlekelwa yimisebenzi yabo.

Ukwenza izinto zibe zibi nakakhulu, i-Fed iphakanyisiwe kwaye iyanciphisa amazinga omdla kangangokuba amaxesha amashishini akakwazanga ukucwangcisa ikusasa. Ngenxa yoko, iinkampani zagcina amaxabiso aphakamileyo okwenyuka kwamaxabiso. Babesaba ukuqesha abasebenzi abatsha, ukunyusa ukwanda komnotho. Kodwa amaGosa aseFed afunda le sifundo kwimbali ye-US recessions . Ukususela ngoko, baye bahlala behlala bezenzo zabo. Kubaluleke ngakumbi, babonisa ngokucacileyo iinjongo zabo kakuhle phambi kwexesha.

I-oil embargo yandisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, sele i-10 ekhulwini kwizinto ezithile, ngokunyusa amaxabiso eoli.

Kwafika ngexesha elikhuselekileyo loqoqosho lwe-US. Abavelisi beoli basekhaya basebenza ngokukhawuleza. Akwazanga ukuvelisa iioli ezininzi ukwenza i-slack. Ngaphezu koko, ukuveliswa kweoli ye-US kuye kwayeka njengepesenti yelizwe.

Kwakhona kwandisa ngakumbi ukunyuka kwemali ngokugubha ukuzithemba kwabathengi. Abantu baphoqeleka ukuba batshintshe imikhwa, benze ukuba bazive njengengxaki apho urhulumente azame ukuphumelela. Ukuntuleka kokuzithemba kwenza abantu bachithe ngaphantsi.

Ngokomzekelo, abaqhubi baphoqeleka ukuba balinde emigqeni edla ngokukhawuleza ngebhokisi. Bavuka ngaphambi kokuntwela kokusa okanye balinda kude kube ngentsasa ukuphepha imigca. Izitulo zeGesi zithumela iimpawu ezibhalwe ngombala: eluhlaza xa igesi yayifumaneka, iluphuzi xa lilinganiselwe kwaye libomvu xa seliphelile. Amazwe avelisa ngokungaqhelekanga-kwanokulinganisa: abaqhubi beelayisense iipleyiti eziphela ngamanani angenangqiqo zingafumana igesi kwiintsuku ezingenakubalwa.

Umda wokukhawulela wesizwe wanciphisa ukuya kwiiyure ezingama-55 ngeyure ukugcina igesi. Ngowe-1974, ixesha lokulondolozwa kwemini laqalwa ngonyaka.

Kwakhona, ixabiso eliphezulu legesi lithetha ukuba abathengi banemali encinane yokuchitha kwezinye izinto kunye neenkonzo. Esi sifuna siyancipha, sisona sikhulu kakhulu.

I-oil embargo yanika igunya elitsha le-OPEC ukufezekisa injongo yalo yokulawula ukunikezelwa kweoli kunye nokugcina amanani entle. Ngokuphakamisa nokunciphisa ukubonelela, u-OPEC uzama ukugcina intengo phakathi kwe-$ 70- $ 80 ngomgqomo. Ngaphantsi kwelo, kwaye bathengisa iimpahla zabo ezigqibeleleyo. Ephakamileyo kunjalo, kunye nophuhliso lweoli ye- shale lukhangeleka.

I-United States yenze i- Strategic Petroleum Reserve , ukubonelela ubuncinane iintsuku eziyi-90 zeoli xa kukho enye i-embargo.