Ziyintoni Iindleko Zinyani?
Ukuqhagamshelana ngqo kunye neoli edibeneyo yabula ubuncinane ama-eagles ama-140, izilwanyana ezingama-302, ii-otters zasolwandle ezingama-2,800, kunye nama-seawashi angama-250,00 kwiintsuku ezimbalwa. Abantu abane bafa njengenxalenye yemizamo yokucoca.
Nangona kwakuphela kuphela ukuqhuma kweoli e-34 kuphela kwimbali, igalelo layo kwi-shoreline yase-Alaska yenze ukuba yintlekele enkulu yintlalo ukususela kwi- Three Mile Island .
Impembelelo eAlaska
Ukuloba i-salmon, i-herring, i-crab, i-shrimp, i-rockfish, ne-sablefish yavalwa. Ezinye iindawo zokuloba ze-shrimp ne-salmon zahlala zivaliwe ngo-1990. Icandelo loshishino lokuloba elixhomekeke kubo alikho. Abantu abangaphezu kwama-2,000 aseMerika aseAlaskan kunye namanye ama-13,000 abanikezeli bemvume yokulahleka kwempahla balahlekelwa ngumthombo wokutya kwabo. Oku kuyaqhubeka namhlanje, abaninzi banesaba ukuba bangetyhefu ngeentlanzi ezingcolileyo.
Icandelo lezokhenketho lahlekelwa ngokukhawuleza kwimisebenzi engama-26 000 kunye nangaphezulu kwamaRandi 2.4 billion. Ngowe-2003, sele ifunyenwe ngenye indlela. Ngokwe-National Oceanic ne-Atmospheric Administration, ukusetyenziswa okungagqibekanga kuhlawula i-$ 2.8 yezigidigidi. Kwakungazange liphinde liphinde liphinde libuye njengoko abahlali beevenkile becinga ukuba indawo leyo ihlambulukile.
Impembelelo yoqoqosho lweLawlife Loss
Ixabiso lezilwanyana zasendle lilinganiselwa ngeendleko zokufumana okanye ukubuyisela kwakhona. Ngokomzekelo, ii-zoos zihlawula imali engama-dollar ayi-50,000 ukuya kutsho i-otter. Iindleko zokulahlekelwa ngu-2,800 kwezi ntlobo ezisengozini ziyi-$ 140 yezigidi. I-Exxon ikhokhelwa phakathi kwe-$ 40,000- $ 90,000 ukuyibuyisela kwakhona, eqinisekisa ixabiso le-otter.
Izibonda ze-Harbour zihamba ngeedola ezingama-20,000, ngaloo ndlela ukulahlekelwa ngu-302 kubiza i-$ 604,000. Ininzi yolwandle ixabisa i-$ 300 nganye, ngoko ukulahlekelwa yi-250,000 ixabisa i-$ 75 yezigidi. Iigagu zibiza i-$ 22,000 ukulungiswa, ngoko-140 ixabisa i-$ 3 yezigidi. Iindleko ezipheleleyo ezi ziintlobo ezine kwiveki yokuqala zaziyi-$ 218.6 yezigidi.
Phantse kwiminyaka engama-30 emva kokuphalala, malunga neehektare ezi-20 zeNkosana uWilliam uLwandle lweNxweme zisahlanjululwa ngamawaka angama-21,000 eoli. Okumangalisa kukuba, ioli iyinto enetyhefu njengoko kwakunjalo emva kokutshatyalaliswa. Iyanqanda ngaphezu kwama-4 ekhulwini ngonyaka. Kungathabatha iinkulungwane ukusabalalisa ngokupheleleyo. Iintlobo ezine azizange ziphinde zifumaneke, kubandakanywa ipowuni engama-36 yemikhomo yokubulala eyalahlekelwa amalungu angama-14. Ukuze zonke iintlobo zifumaneke, uqoqosho oluxhomekeke kubo alukwazi ukufumana ngokupheleleyo, nokuba.
Iindleko zokucoca
U-Exxon wasebenzisa i-$ 3.8 yezigidigidi ukuhlambulula isayithi, ahlawule abahlali abayi-11 000, kwaye ahlawule iintlawulo. Kodwa kwakungaba yi-$ 4.5 billion. Inkundla yaseAlaskan yayala ukuba u-Exxon akhokhe imali engama-R5 billion kwiimali ezihlawuliswayo ngo-1994. Emva kweminyaka eyi-14 yamacala kunye nezibheno, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-United States inqume ukuba u-Exxon wayekweleta i-$ 507.5 yezigidi. Kwakuphela kweeyure ezili-12 zeengeniso kwiinkampani ezinkulu zeoli.
I-Exxon Spill Yayibangelwa nguMphathi wayo
Inhlekelele ye-Exxon Valdez ibangelwa ukunganakwa komphathi wayo, uJoseph Hazelwood.
Wayehlanjululwa ngamacala atyala. Wayegwetywa ngenxa yokungabikho kokugqithiswa kweoli, okwenziwe kuyo inkonzo yasekuhlaleni.
U-Hazelwood wayephuza emini kodwa akazange abonakale enxilisayo xa ekhwela inqanawa ngalobo busuku. Uphule umgaqo-nkqubo weenkampani ngokungabikho kwibhulorho ngexesha lokuthutha kweValdez Narrows. Esikhundleni saloo nto, yaqhutywa yi-Third Mate Gregory Cousins. Wayesebenzela iiyure ezingama-18 ngaphambi kwaye wayenokungakwazi ukuphazamiseka. Ngenxa yoko, waqondisa iinqanawa ngaphandle kwinqanaba lokuphepha icebo. Akazange alungise ngexesha lokukhusela i-Bligh Reef.