Ngaba iMandla eNyukliya yase-US Impendulo yokutshintsha kwemozulu?
Amanani angama-US aphuma ngo-2014. Amanani amasha ayitholakali.)
Ubunkokeli be-United States buvela kwendima yayo yembali njengenguvulindlela wokuphuhliswa kwamandla enyukliya. I-reactor yamanzi yokuqala yoshishino, iYankee Rowe, yaqala ngo-1960 kwaye yaqhutyelwa ngo-1992. (Umthombo: "Amandla eNyukliya e-USA," iMbutho yeNyukliya Yehlabathi, ngo-Apreli 2017.)
Izikhululo zeMandla eNyukliya
Kukho iipropathi zamandla enyukliya ezingama-99 kwiindawo ezingamashumi amathathu. Uninzi lufumaneka empuma yoMlambo waseMississippi (bona imephu). Zenza i-$ 40- $ 50 yezigidigidi nganye kwiirhwebo zokuthengisa kunye nokudala imisebenzi engaphezulu kwe-100,000. Yonke idola echithwe ngu-reactor-average igqiba i-1.87 kwi-economy yase-US. (Umthombo: "IiNzuzo zoQoqosho zeNyukliya," iNkampani yamandla eNyukliya, ngo-Ephreli 2014.)
Iimveliso zamandla enyukliya zase-US zenze i-19.7 pesenti ye-4.079 trillion kWh yemveliso yamandla kagesi e-United States ngo-2016. Kwesihlandlo sesibini kumalahle (30 ekhulwini) kunye negesi yendalo (34 ekhulwini).
Kukhulu kune-hydroelectricity (iipesenti ezingama-6.5) kunye neminye imithombo equka amandla omoya (8.4 ekhulwini).
Kukho nama-reactors 36 okuhlola kwiiyunivesithi zophando (bona imephu). Zisetyenziselwa ukudala amanani amancinci emisebe yokuhlola. Yilapho ososayensi bafunda i-neutron kunye nezinye iincinci ze-subatomic, bahlole iimoto kunye nezokwelapha kwaye bafunde indlela yokuphucula ngakumbi umhlaza.
(Umthombo: "I-Backgrounder kwi-Research and Test Reactors," i-NRC, ngo-Agasti 18, 2011.)
Amandla eNyukliya asebenza njani?
Zonke izitshixo zamandla ukufudumala kwamanzi ukuvelisa umqhubi, oguqula i-generator ukwenza umbane. Kwizikhululo zamandla enyukliya, loo moya isenziwa ngubushushu obuveliswe kwi-fission yenyukliya. Yilapho i-athomu ikwahlukana, ukukhulula ubuninzi bamandla ngendlela yokushisa.
I-uranium 235 isetyenziswe njengombane ngenxa yokuba iyahlukana ngokulula xa idibana ne-neutron. Xa oko kwenzeka, i-neutron evela kwi-uranium ngokwayo iqala ukuhamba kunye namanye ama-athomu. Oku kuqala ukuphendulwa kweketoni. Yingakho ibhomu yenyukliya inamandla.
Kwi-generator ye nyukliya, i-chain reaction isilawulwa ngamathanga akhethekileyo athabatha amathandle angaphezu kwamanzi. Ezi zibonda zolawulo zifakwe ecaleni kweendonga zeoli, eziqulethe i-uranium fuel pellets. Ngaphezu kwama-200 kwezi zihloko ziqokelelwe kwizinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi-fuel assembly. Xa iinjineli zifuna ukunciphisa inkqubo, zingaphantsi kweentonga zokulawula ezantsi. Xa befuna ukufudumala okukhulu, baphakamisa iintonga. (Umthombo: "Ziyasebenza njani izityalo zenukliya?" UDuke Energy.)
I-United States ineentlobo ezimbini zezityalo zamandla enyukliya. Kukho ama-reactors amanzi angama-65 kunye nama-reactor water 34 abilayo.
Ahluke ngendlela ukufudumala kususwa kwi-reactor kwi-generator.
Amaguqula amanzi agxininisiweyo asebenzisa uxinzelelo oluphezulu ukugcina amanzi kwi-reactor ukuba abilayo. Oku kukuvumela ukutshisa kumazinga aphakamileyo. Ubushushu buya kutshintshwa ngemibhobho kwisitya esahlukileyo samanzi kwi-generator. Idala umbane oqhuba umbane wombane. Amanzi avela kwi-reactor ke abuyele ukuze ahlaziywe. I-steam esuka kwi-turbine iphelile kwi-condenser. Amanzi aphethweyo abuyiselwa kwi-generator. Nantsi ingqungquthela ephilileyo yemiguqu yamanzi egxininisiweyo.
Ngamanye amaninzi, izigubha zamanzi abilayo, sebenzisa amanzi abilayo ukuze udale ngokuthe ngqo umqhubi ukuqhuba i-generator. Nantsi ingqungquthela ephakanyisiweyo yeriguji yamanzi abilayo.
Yintoni ebaluleke kakhulu kukuba yonke inkqubo iqhutyelwa kwindawo equlethekileyo ukuze kukhuselwe ihlabathi langaphandle kwiphina inkunkuma.
Izityalo zamandla ziyakhutshwa phantsi kwaye zade zime ngokukhawuleza. (Umthombo: "Isebenza njani ngeNyukliya yamandla?", I-UNAE.)
Inzuzo
Izityalo zamandla enyukliya azikhupheli nayiphi na i-greenhouse gasses, ngokungafani nelahle kunye negesi yendalo.
Benza imisebenzi engu-0.5 nganye yeegawatt iiyure (mWh) zombane ezivelisiweyo. Oku kuqhathaniswa nemisebenzi eyi-0.1 engamalahle, imisebenzi engama-0.05 kwizityalo ezichithwe ngogesi kunye no-0.05 ngamandla omoya. Umthombo onamandla kuphela odala amathuba emisebenzi / mWh i-photovoltaic yelanga, kwi-1.06 imisebenzi / mWh. (Umthombo: "IiNzuzo zoQoqosho zeNyukliya," iNkampani yamandla eNyukliya, ngo-Ephreli 2014. )
Kwiminyaka emininzi, amandla enyukliya ayenayo iindleko zokusebenza ezincinci. Ku-1.87 pesenti / kWh (amanani e-2008), ngama-68 ekhulwini weendleko zelahle. Kwaye kwadlula nje, kwakungama-25 ekhulwini kwindleko yerhasi yendalo.
Ukwesaba malunga nokufudumala kwamazwe okufudumalayo okwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esitsha sogesi-mafutha. Ngenxa yoko, ukususela ngo-1992 ukuya ku-2005, kwakhiwa ama-megawatts angaba ngu-270,000 avuselelwe amandla amatsha kagesi. Ngelo xesha, ezo zityalo zazibonakala zinomngcipheko wokutshala imali ophantsi. Ngenxa yoko, u-14,000 MWe wesikhulu esitsha senyukliya kunye ne-charity-fired power. Yanceda ukuqhuba ixabiso lentengo yegesi, ukunyanzelisa abasebenzisi abanzi bezoshishino kunye nokunyusa iindleko zombane ezixhasiweyo kwi-10 cents / kWh.
Iingxaki
Kukho izimbini ezinkulu ezibangelwa amandla enyukliya, ngenxa yomsindo omsakazo wendalo.
1. Ingozi esitshini inokukhupha izinto ezinokusasaza kwiindawo eziphilayo njengeplum (ukufana nefu) njengama-gasela kunye namaqhekeza. Ezi ngqungquthela zinyanzeliswa okanye zitshiswa ngabantu kunye nezilwanyana okanye zifakwe phantsi. Iingqungquthela zenziwa ngama-athomu azinzileyo anika amandla angaphezulu, abizwa ngokuba yimisebe, ade azinze. Kwiqondo elisezantsi, imisebe yingozi ayiyingozi. Emva kokuphazamiseka kwezixhobo zenukliya, iindidi ezinkulu zonakalisa iiseli eziphilayo kwaye zingabangela ukuguquka, ukugula nokufa.
Iimpembelelo ezinokubakho kokutshabalalisa kweekliya zingabangela ingozi, njengoko kuboniswe eChernobyl naseFukushima , nangona amathuba okuba kwenzekayo anqabile. Inyekliya ye-US kuphela yintlekele yeTri Mile Island ngowe-1979 xa iintsimbi zamathambo ezinamafutha athathaka. Kwakukhutshwa ixabiso elincinci legesi. Kwakungekho miphumo yempilo enokulinganiswa. Nangona kunjalo, akukho zakhiwo zamandla enyukliya ezakhelwe iminyaka engama-30.
Phantse izigidi ezintathu zaseMelika zihlala ngaphakathi kweekhilomitha eziyi-10 zesityalo sokusebenza. Bangozibeka engozini ngokuchaneka kwemisebe yingozi xa kwenzeka ingozi. Ukuba ungomnye wabantu, nantsi indlela yokulungiselela ingozi.
2. Ukulahla inkunkuma yenyukliya kuyinzuzo enkulu. Inkunkuma yecala ephantsi ivela kudibaniselwano nefuthe le nyukliya kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla. Kulahlwa kwi-site okanye ithunyelwa kwisibonelelo se-to-level level in one 37. (Umthombo: "iNkunkuma yeNqanaba elingaphansi," iKomishoni yokuLawula iMandla eNyukliya yase-US.)
Inkunkuma yezinga eliphezulu iqukethe i-fuel spent. Kuthatha amakhulu amabini eminyaka ukuba asebenze. Okwangoku, iitoni ezingama-70 000 zale mafutha zigcinwa kwizixhobo zamandla ngokwabo. (Umthombo: "Ukungaphumeleli kunye nokuwa," i-Economist, uAgasti 29, 2015.)
KwiNyukliya yeNkunkuma yeNyukliya ka-1982, iCongress yaxelela iKomishoni ye-Nuclear Regulatory Commission ukuba icwangcise, yenze, isebenze kwaye ekugqibeleni isithuba sokugcina isigxina se-geologic sokulahla inkunkuma ephezulu kwiYucca Intaba, i-Nevada.
Amagosa asekuhlaleni afune ukuba ingozi kwindawo yawo. Bayibazise ukuphuhliswa kwayo kwaze kwaba ngo-2013 xa i-NRC iphumelele ityala layo kwiNkundla yeziBheno yase-United States. Ngo-2015, i-NRC igqibe ukuhlolwa kokhuseleko kwaye yaqala ukusebenza kwiNkcazo yokuPhathwa kweNdalo. (Umthombo: "UkuLahlwa kweNkunkuma ephakamileyo," iKomishoni yoLawulo lweNyukliya yase-US.)
Ikusasa leMandla eNyukliya eMelika
Imfuno yamanzi yonyaka we-US ixelwe ukuba iphakame ngamaphesenti angama-28 ngo-2040. Ngokunyuka kwexabiso leoli kunye negesi kunye nokukhathazeka ngokufudumala kwehlabathi, amandla enyukliya sele aqala ukukhangela kwakhona. Ngasekupheleni kwee-1990, amandla enyukliya abonwa njengendlela yokunciphisa uxhomekeke kwioli kunye negesi. Utshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo lugqithise indlela yokukhula okubonakalayo kwinqanaba le nyukliya.
UMthetho weNkqubo yeMandla ka-2005 wanikela ngemali yokukhuthaza ekwakheni izityalo zamandla enyukliya eziphambili. Kwakukho neendlela ezintathu zokulawula eziye zanciphisa indlela:
- Inkqubo yokuqinisekiswa kwendlela yokwakha.
- Ukubonelelwa kweemvume zokuqala zesayithi.
- Ukudibanisa inkqubo yokwakha kunye nelayisenisi yokusebenza.
Ukususela ngo-2007, iinkampani ziye zafaka iifenisi ezingama-24 zezixhobo ezintsha zenyukliya. Kukho izityalo ezine ezitsha ekwakhiweni. I-Westinghouse yakha ezimbini eGeorgia kunye ezimbini eMzantsi Carolina. (Umthombo: "Westinghouse Buys CB & IYunithi yenyukliya," iWall Street Journal, Oktobha 29, 2015)
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuchithwa kweoli yekhaya kunye negesi yendalo yenze igesi ibe yinto ehlawulekayo yokuphucula imithombo yamandla enyukliya endala. Ngenxa yoko, izityalo ezine zivaliwe kwiminyaka emibili yokugqibela. Ukugcina izityalo zamandla enyukliya endala ziqhuba iindleko ezingaphezu kokukwakha izityalo ezintsha ezinokutsha. Kubiza kakhulu kunokuba kuhlaziywe izityalo zamandla omlilo okhutshwe ngamalahle endala.
Ngoko ke, ikusasa lokwandisa amandla enyukliya eMelika kuxhomekeke kwixabiso lentengo yegesi. Ukuba baphinda bavuke baze bahlale bephezulu, lindele ukuba ingqalelo ibuyele ekuveleni kwamandla enyukliya. (Umthombo: "Omnye uReactor Uvala, Ukuqhotyoshela iNguqulelo Entsha kwiMandla eNyukliya wase-US," i-National Geographic, ngoJanuwari 1, 2015.)