Igama elithi "isihlabathi esincinciweyo" (okanye, "isihlabathi esincinciweyo") sichaza kwisanti kunye nezinto ezincinci ezifanayo ezisetyenziselwa ngexesha lokucutshungulwa kwe-hydraulic fracturing, indlela yokukhipha igesi yendalo phantsi kwe- shale gas formations. Isanti esiqhayisayo "sisisigxina." I-proppant yinto esetyenziselwa "ukuqhubela phambili" ivule imichiza engaphantsi komhlaba apho igesi yendalo ivunwa ngexesha le-fracturing process. Ezi gesi ziquka i-petroleum fluids ezifana neoli, i-gesi yendalo, kunye ne-gesi yendalo yerhasi kwiiyunithi zamatye (ezingenayo indawo yokugcina i-pore ezivumela ukuba amanzi aphumelele emthonjeni).
Iiprojekti zinyanzeliswa (phantsi kwengcinezelo) kwi-gaz ye-shale kakuhle, kunye neendawo ezininzi zamanzi kunye nezixhobo zamanzi. Le nkqubo ikhuthaza ukuveliswa kwegesi.
Yintoni eyenza iSandza Yesihlabathi Yenziwe?
Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ziquka amacwecwe esanti efana nesihlabathi (njengesihlabathi kwisanti ephakamileyo ye-quartz kunye neenqolowa ezihlala zizinzileyo kwaye zijikeleze kakhulu). Uninzi lwentlabathi elisetyenzisiweyo lusetyenziswa kulo mzimba wendalo owenziwe kwinqwawa elisentla. Isanti iya kuhamba kwinkqubo yokubambisa i-resin (ebizwa ngokuba yentlabathi ephakanyisiweyo ye-resin), i-cryamal ceream, okanye ezinye izinto ezifanelekileyo. Enye imveliso kwi-sandstone yintsimbi encinci ye-ceramic eyenziwe kwi-bauxite engumngcipheko okanye iincinci ezincinci zensimbi ezenziwe nge-aluminium. Uninzi lwesantya, okanye ubuhlalu, isanti yesiqhophololo sisuke phakathi kwe-0.1mmitha kunye no-2 millimeters ububanzi.
I-Frac Sand isetyenziswa njani?
Amanye amacandelo e-rock e-subsurface afana ne-organic shale aqukethe ixabiso elininzi leoli, i-gesi yendalo, okanye i-gesi yendalo engcolileyo engeyi kuhamba ngokukhululekile ukuya emthonjeni.
Awuyi kuhamba ngenxa yokuba iqela lelitye lingenako ukufaneleka (okt, indawo yepore edibeneyo) okanye izikhala zepore edwaleni zincinci, ezi ntlupheko azikwazi ukuhamba ngazo.
I-Hydraulic fracturing ixazulula le ngxaki ngokuvelisa i-fracture edwaleni. Oku kwenziwa ngokubetha umthombo edwaleni, ukutywina isahlulo somthombo kwindawo ye-petroleum-bearing bearing, kunye nokupompa amanzi ngaphantsi kwengcinezelo ephezulu kwilo candelo.
La manzi ngokuqhelekileyo aphathwa ngamakhemikhali kunye nabangqingili ezifana ne-guar gum ekwenzeni i-gel evilisayo. Le gel iququzelela ukukwazi kwamanzi ukuthwala i-grains ye-frac sand in suspension.
Ingakanani Inqabunga Yesihlabathi Eyasetyenziswa?
Iingcali zoshishino ziqikelela ukuba i-gaz ye-shale nganye idinga iiplani ezili-5 zezigidi zesihlabathi okanye enye ipropant kwinkqubo yokucutshungulwa kwe-hydraulic fracturing process. Ubungakanani bendoda enokuthi iyakwazi ukuhluka ukusuka ngaphantsi kweepiliyoni ezi-2,5 ukuya kwizigidi ezigidi ezi-7, ngokuxhomekeka kwimimandla ethile yokwahluka kwemvelo kunye neempawu zesakhiwo se-shale. Ingqikelelo engama-95 bhiliyoni yentlabathi yokuqhaqhazela kunye neekeramics ziqikelelwa ukuba ziphonywe emhlabathini e-US ngo-2014 kuphela, nangona ixabiso liqhubeka liphakama (kwaye liwa) ngokuhambelana nemigangatho yexabiso legesi ephakamayo.
Ukunyuka ngokukhawuleza kwiimfuneko zesihlabathi esicacileyo kuye kwaba yinto ebalulekileyo kwiinkampani ezikhoyo ngoku. Kwaye iprojekthi yokuhlaziya ifuna ukuba ihambe phezulu.
Ziziphi i-Side-Effects of Fracking Sand?
Ngokwezilumkiso zikahulumeni, ukufikelela kumazinga aphakamileyo kwentlabathi ye-quartz ephosayo kungakhokelela kwi-silicosis nezinye iingxaki zokuphefumula zabasebenzi. Icandelo lokukhwabanisa liyavuma izingozi, kodwa imimiselo ekhona kumanqanaba okunyuka aphelelwe lixesha kwaye ayizange ilandele intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kwi-fracking.
Le nto ifanele ihlolwe njengoko imfuno yeoli ikhula kunye neenkampani zeoli zenza imizamo yabo yokukhusela igesi yendalo ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokuqhawula.