Liyintoni na ityuwa lokuLawula kwamanzi?

I-Salt Water Disposal Wells Imi phakathi kwamanzi ethu okusela kunye neNkunkuma eyingozi

Inkqubo yokuvelisa ioli kunye negesi idala "ityuwa yamanzi," ebonwa njengenkunkuma eyingozi ngenxa yokutya kwayo ityuwa ephezulu, i-hydrocarbons, kunye nezixhobo zoshishino. Ukukhwabanisa kwe-hydraulic ye-shale gas sites well produces millions of gallons zamanzi zetyuwa, ezaziwa nangokuthi "amanzi avelisiweyo" okanye "i-oilfield brine." Amanzi athabatha ioli kunye negesi emhlabeni apho ukungcola kususwe khona iikhemikhali, kubangele i-liquide ephumayo ekufuneka ikhutshwe ngokukhuselekileyo.

Iinkampani zinokuphinda zihlaziye amanzi, ziyibuyisele emanzini okusebenza ukuze aphinde aqokelele ekuhlanganiseni nayiphi na ioli okanye igesi eseleyo, okanye bayayilahla kwindawo yamanzi etyuwa. Ukufakwa kwezi ndawo zokulahlwa kwexinzelelo eziphezulu kungabangela ingxabano ngenxa yokukhutshwa kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kunye nyikima komhlaba.

UkuLawulwa kwamanzi okuTyuwa

I-Arhente yokuKhuselwa kweNdalo (i-EPA) ichaza ukulahlwa kwamanzi atyuwa ngokufanelekileyo "njengobunzima obunxungubileyo, obunqambileyo okanye oqhutyelwe obunzulu obunzulu kunobunzima bomhlaba; i-sinkhole ephuculweyo; okanye, inkqubo ye-distribution ye-subsurface yamanzi. " Ngokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukususela ngo-1930, amatye okulahlwa kwamanzi etyuwa aqulethe amanzi ukuze angangcolisi umhlaba okanye izibonelelo zamanzi. Ekuqaleni, amanzi esetyuwa ayekhatywe kakhulu emanzini angaphezulu, kodwa sele efakwe emithonjeni ejulile ukususela kuma-1950.

Zinqaba ezinamandla ezicwangciselwe ukukhusela imimandla yempembelelo yokuveliswa kwegesi kunye neoli, kwaye i-state nganye ibeka imimiselo yayo kwimithombo yamanzi ityuwa.

I-EPA idinga ukuba izityalo ezihloselwe ukulahla i- carbon dioxide okanye ezinye iindawo ezinobungozi zakhiwe ngamanqanaba amathathu.

Uluhlu lwangaphandle lwangaphandle luya kunzulu kwihlabathi njengoko kuyimfuneko ukukhusela indawo yomhlaba. Ngokuqhelekileyo yenziwe ngepayipi yensimbi kunye nesamente. Olunye uluhlu luhlanganisa yonke into, kwaye isithathu sibandakanya i-injection device. Le nkqubo yokubeka i-triple-means means that all coverings coverings must be broken before the contamination of the groundwater. I-EPA ichaza onke amachiza okulahlwa kwamanzi etyuwa kwiiklasi ezihlukeneyo ezithandathu ngokusekelwe kwakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi yazo.

Indlela yoLwaphulo lwamanzi loTyuwa

Amanzi esetyuwa ngokuqhelekileyo axoshwa emithonjeni ibe ngamaziko angaphantsi komhlaba asetyenwe ngaphakathi kwidwala elingenakunqanda ukukhusela amanzi okutyuwa ukuba angenele kumhlaba ojikelezayo kunye namanzi angaphantsi komhlaba. Ezi zakhiwo zihlala ziphantsi phantsi kobunqamle bomhlaba kwaye ziqulethwe nge-limestone okanye ngesihlabathi. I-Arhente yokuKhuselwa kweNdalo igcina iliso elifutshane kwiindawo ezinokulahlwa kakuhle kwamanzi etyuwa kwaye akuwona umsebenzi olula. Kukho amaziko angama-50,000 ase-Texas kuphela.

Amazwe ngabanye kunye noorhulumente bezizwe banokucela "ukubaluleka" okanye ilungelo kunye noxanduva lokunyanzelisa imimiselo ngaphakathi kwamagunya abo ukuba bahlangabezana neemfuno ze-UIC. Ukususela ngo-Oktobha 2015, iindawo ezingama-33 kunye neendawo ezintathu zineemfuno zokubaluleka kwi-EPA. I-EPA ilawula imithombo yamanzi yetyuwa kwii-ofisi zayo zengingqi kwiindawo ezili-10 nakwiintlanga ezininzi, kunye neSithili sase-Columbia kunye neendawo ezimbini zase-US.

Ikwabelana ngokunyanzeliswa kokunyanzeliswa kunye nee-arhente zendawo kwindawo ezixhenxe.

Umthetho wokuNwa kwamanzi oKhuselekileyo, ogqitywe ngowe-1974, ufuna ukuba i-EPA igcine iimfuno zeemfuno zentsikelelo yokuchithwa kwamanzi etyuwa kwaye zihlale zibika kwiCongress .