I-Oil Shale: I-Pros and Cons of Fracking

Iimveliso kunye neNgcono yoPhuhliso lweeShale

Ioli ye-Shale yinqwelo ephezulu engcolileyo elala phakathi kwamatye e-shale, i-rockstone engapheliyo, okanye i-siltstone. Iinkampani zeoli zivelisa ioli ye-shale ngokuqhaqhazela iindawo zerwala eziqulethe ioli. Musa ukudibanisa i-oil shale neoli ye-shale . Leli ngxondorha ligciniwe nge-kerogen, i-precursor yeoli. Kwezinye iimeko, ioli ye-shale ichaza ioli eguqulwe ukusuka kwi-kerogen kwi-rock shale.

I-Oil Shale Yenziwe njani kwaye ichithwe

Okokuqala, iinkampani zeoli zityhubela ukuya kweekhilomitha ezimbini, apho iindawo zeoli ne-shale zikhona.

Emva koko bapompa ukuqhuma okukhulu kwamanzi, isanti, kunye neekhemikhali ukuphuka i-shale nokukhupha ioli. Isanti isenza izivule zivulwe. Okuvumela ioli ukuba ingene emthonjeni.

Kwiimveliso zeBakken, abaqhubi basebenzisa i-multistage fracking to create long cracks. Ziyaluphazamisa amacandelo amancinci ekhenkethi yokuvelisa. Oko kuvumela ukuba bagxininise ukuqhuma kwamanzi kwiindawo ezijoliswe kuzo.

Inkqubela yesibini yezobuchwepheshe yayiyi-drill. Emva kokuba abaqhubi baqhube umthombo, bawujika nge-angle-degree. Baye bawugijime ngokucwangcisa ngokuqulunqa. Umthombo ongezantsi unokugijima ixesha elide kangangeekhilomitha ezimbini. Nangona ezinye iinkampani zisetyenziselwa ukuloba ngokukhawuleza ngo-2004, ayizange ifikeleleke ngo-2009. Yilapho iBrigham Oil & Gas iphumelela ukuhlula umlenze owodwa ongama-25.

Iinkonzo

Iindlela zokucoca ioli ye-Shale ziguquguquka kunokuba i-oil drill well drill. Ukubumba kwangoku kuphela kubangelwa iipesenti ezingama-40 zeendleko ezipheleleyo. Ukukhupha iindleko zeoli i-$ 1 yezigidi kwiqula ngalinye.

Oko kwakwenza i-oil shale extraction benefit xa ioli ifinyelele i-$ 100 ngomgqomo. Xa amaxabiso eoli ewa, iinkampani zeoli ze-shale ziqhubeka ziqhuba.

Bayeka ukukhipha nokugcina ioli ehlabathini. Babiza ezi ziqula i-DUCs ye-Drill ne-Cover. Banokulinda ngokukhuselekileyo kuze kube yilapho amaxabiso eoli ebuyela kwi-$ 60 ngomgqomo. Ngelo xesha, banokuqala ukucoca ioli kwiimithombo esele zidibeneyo. Oko kuya kugcina amaxabiso angakhuphuki kakhulu ngaphezu kwexabiso lexabiso. Imboniselo yexabiso elitsha yamanqaku ibonisa ukuba baya kuhlala kuloo hlu.

Kubalulekile kuba amaxabiso eoli anqunywe ngaphezu kwemithetho yokufunwa nokunikezelwa. Ukutsalwa kwemali kunomthelela ngakumbi kwixabiso leoli. Bathengisa ioli kwiimveliso zehlabathi jikelele. Abahwebi banokuthi bathe ixabiso leoli okanye phezulu, kuxhomekeke kwiingcamango zabo ezichaphazela ioli. Bakha ibhola e-oyile ngo-2008. Baqhuba ixabiso leNtshona West kwi-Intermediate ukuya kuma-145 kwintsimbi. Aba bathengisi yinto ebalulekileyo eyenza ixabiso leoli liphezulu .

Oko kwakungakhathaliseki ukuKhululeka kwakhona . Ixabiso liye lafika kwi-30 engama-barrel kamva ngaloo nyaka, ngenxa yokwesaba, kungekhona inguqu enkulu ekunikezeni okanye kwiimfuneko. Ukunyaniseka kwamaxabiso eoli kwenza intengo yegesi ngo-2008 yenza into efanayo.

Ngo-2011, amaxabiso eoli ahlawule i-$ 100 ngomgqomo. Njengoko amaxabiso ahlala kuloluhlu, abavelisi beoli ye-shale baqala ukumba imithombo.

Zakhukhula kwiimarike, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso aphantsi ngo-2014. Ngaloo ndlela, bafunde indlela yokukhipha imali encinci. Eyadala i- US shale oil oil boom ekhokelela ekuhlaleni .

Umxhasi

I-Fracking iphikisana ngezizathu ezibini. Okokuqala, isebenzisa ubuninzi bemithombo yendalo . Ngaphambi kokuba abaqhubi beerhasi bangakhupha i-drop first oil, kufuneka bapompe nge-800 truckloads yamanzi. Basebenzisa amaninzi eenqwelo zeenqwelo-moya zezinye izinto. Ngaphandle kokuba amanzi sele esesisitweni, kufuneka kube neloli. Kulapho kugcinwa kwiitanki ezinkulu phambi kokuba ukukhwabanisa kuqale. Ukubunjwa komnatha wokuqhaqhaza kunelungelo kwiinkampani nganye.

Okwesibini, iziphumo aziwa. Kungenxa yokuba abaqwengayo akufanele bahambisane noMthetho wokuNwa kwamanzi oPheleleyo. Imimandla ayayazi ukuba yiyiphi iikhemikhali ezisekuhlaleni iqula lemithombo kwitafile zamanzi. Ubuninzi bamanzi aphefumlelweyo abuyele phezulu.

Iichiza ezingekho phantsi komhlaba zingangcolisa. Ezi ziquka umlinganiselo wezinto ezifakwe kwi-radioactive. Izixhobo zokonyango zamanzi aziqhelekanga ukuba zijongane nale manzi, ngoko ke iinkampani zeoli ziwupompa zibe ngamachibi. Iingcali zesayensi zisacinga igalelo lexesha elide lala manzi.

Ukwahlula kungabangela ukuzamazama komhlaba. I-Geological Survey yase-US ikhuphe iimephu ezibonisa ezinye iindawo zaseTexas ne-Oklahoma ngoku zinomngcipheko ofanayo wokuzamazama komhlaba njengeCalifornia. Abantu abayizigidi ezixhenxe abahlala kufuphi nemithombo yechungechunge basengozini. Iimithombo zibangele ukuzamazama komhlaba ngokupompoza amanzi angcolileyo kwiindawo zokulahla ezikhethekileyo. Ukupompoza okuphezulu kunokubangela ukutshintshwa kwimizila yokuphosa. Umngcipheko weentlanzi uye wenyuka ngokukhawuleza ukususela ngo-2014.