Indlela Echaphazela Ngayo Yonke Into Oyithengayo
I-oyileji yaseTexas ephakathi kwe-oyile engcolileyo yimigangatho ephakamileyo kakhulu kuba ibinzima kwaye inomxholo wesulfure ophantsi. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, kudla ngokuba kuthiwa "ioli elula, enhle" enamafutha angcolileyo.
Ezi zakhiwo zenza okulungileyo ukwenza ipetroli. Yingakho kubaluleke kakhulu kwinqanaba leoli ehlaziyiweyo eMelika.
I-Brent Blend iyinhlanganisela yeoli engcolileyo evela kwiindawo ezili-15 zeoli kwiNxweme yoMntla. "Kulula" kwaye "kuyamnandi" kune-WTI kodwa kusengcono ukwenza uphethiloli. Icocekileyo kwiNtshona-ntshona yeYurophu kwaye iyona nto ibalulekileyo yeoli ephosakeleyo eYurophu okanye e-Afrika. Fumana okubanzi malunga nokwahlukana phakathi kwe-WTI neBrent Blend .
Ioli ye-Shale yinqwelo e- oyile engekho phakathi kwee-shale zamatye. Iliwa kufuneka liphulwe ukuze livumele ukufikelela kwiindawo zeoli. I-teknoloji entsha iye yavumela le oli ukuba ifike kwimarike kwintengo yokhuphiswano. Ngenxa yoko, ixabiso leoli liye lahla. Ukufumana iinkcukacha, jonga i- US Shale Oil Boom kunye neBust .
I-oil shale ioli efumaneka kwi-kerogen. Leyo yindlela yokuqala yeoli efuna uxinzelelo oluninzi kunye nokufudumala ukuba kube yindawo yokusebenza.
Xabiso leoli
Ixabiso leoli elincinci lilinganisa intengo yebala yeendidi ezahlukeneyo zeoli, ezona ziqhelekileyo zazo ziphakathi kwe-West Texas Intermediate okanye iBrent Blend.
Ixabiso lebhaksi yeMbutho weePetroleum amazwe aphumayo kunye nexabiso elizayo leNew York Mercantile Exchange nazo ngamanye amaxesha icatshulwe.
I-WTI idayise ngokudlulileyo kwi-$ 4 ngomvuzo we-barrel ukuya eBrent. Ngomhla kaDisemba 2015, loo mahluko olwahlukileyo wehlelwa yi-$ 2 ngomgqomo. I-Congress yase-US isuse ukuvinjelwa kwii-oli zangaphandle.
Iphendule kwiimfuno ezivela kubavelisi beoli be-US shale . Ngokomzekelo, amaxabiso amanye amafutha angcolileyo kula mazwekazi asezantsi ahlala exabiswa njengento eyahlukileyo kwi-Brent, oko kukuthi, i-Brent ingaphantsi kwe $ 0.50.
Intengo yebhayisika ye-OPEC iyimilinganiso yamanani eoli esuka eAlgeria, e-Indonesia, eNigeria, e-Saudi Arabia, e- Dubai , eVenezuela naseMexico . I-OPEC isebenzisa intengo yale nqakrasi ukubeka iliso kwiimeko zeemarike zehlabathi. Amaxabiso e-OPEC aphantsi ngoba ioli ephuma kwamanye amazwe inomxholo ophezulu wesulfure. Oku kwenza ukuba kube "mnandi" kwaye kungenakuncedo ekwenzeni uphethiloli.
Intengo yexesha le- NYMEX yeoli ehlaziyiweyo ichazwa phantse yonke iphephandaba elikhulu lase-US. Yixabiso leemitha ezili-1 000 zeoli ngexesha elithile elivunyelweneyo kwixesha elizayo. Ioli iqhelekile iWTI. Ngale ndlela, i-NYMEX inikezela ubungakanani bokuba abahwebi beoli bacinga ukuba ixabiso le-WTI liza kuba lizayo. Kodwa ixabiso elizayo lilandela ixabiso lentengo ngokusondeleyo kuba abathengisi beoli abanako ukuphazamiseka ngokukhawuleza kwi-oyile, njl njl.
Impembelelo kwezoqoqosho kunye nawe
Amanani amafutha angasese aphezulu angathintela ngqo iindleko zepetroli, i- oil heat heat , ukuvelisa nokuvelisa amandla kagesi. Yimalini? Ngokwe- US Energy Information Administration , i-oyile iyadingeka ngama-96 ekhulwini ekuthutha, i-43 ekhulwini yemveliso yoshishino, iipesenti ezingama-21 zokuhlala kunye nezorhwebo kunye neepesenti ezintathu kuphela zamandla kagesi.
Kodwa ukuba amaxabiso eoli aphakama, ngoko ke intengo yegesi yendalo esetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-14 ekhulwini yokuvelisa amandla kagesi, iipesenti ezingama-73 zokuhlala kunye nezorhwebo kunye ne-39 ekhulwini yemveliso yoshishino. (Umthombo: "Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okuqala ase-US kuMthombo kunye neCandelo," i-EIA, 2004.)
Ngenxa yoko, amaxabiso aphezulu eoli akhulisa indleko yento enithengayo, ngakumbi ukutya. Kungenxa yokuba iindleko ezininzi zokutya kuxhomekeke ekuthuthweni. Amaxabiso aphezulu eoli aya kunyusa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso .
Ixabiso leoli elincinci liyakuthintela ngqo kwixabiso eliphezulu lepetrol kunye namaxabiso aphezulu okufudumala kwamafutha. Oku kuyinyaniso kwabo bahlala eNyakatho-merika e-United States. I-akhawunti engamafutha angcolileyo ngama-55 ekhulwini wexabiso lepetrol. Ukusabalalisa neerhafu kuthonya ama-45 ekhulwini.
Imizila
Amaxabiso eoli aphakama ehlobo.
Ezi ziqhutywe yimfuno ephezulu yegesi ngexesha lokuqhuba iiholide. Emva koko uhla e busika ukuba kwenzeka ukuba kungabi kubanda kakhulu. Oku kungenxa yokuba kunesidingo esingaphantsi kwe-elindelekileyo sokutshisa ioli.
Kuze kube ngama-2015, ixabiso leoli libonakala liphakama ngaphambilana nangaphambili kwintsasa nganye. Ngo-2013, amanani aqala ukunyuka ngoJanuwari, afinyelele kwi-118.90 ngo-Febhuwari. Ngo-2012, amaxabiso eoli aqala ukunyuka ngoFebruwari. Ixabiso lomgqomo we-WTI engcolileyo yaphula ngaphezulu kwe-$ 100 ngombhobho kaFebruwari 13, 2012. Ngo-2011, amaxabiso awazange aphule i-$ 100 ngomgqomo kude kube ngowama-2 Matshi kwaye akazange aphumelele ngo-Meyi kwi-113 mali.
Ngethamsanqa, akukho nanye yale miba yayikuphakamileyo ngoJuni ka-2008 yonke ixesha eliphezulu. Le yilapho intengo yeoli ye-WTI ixabisa i-$ 143.68 ngemitha. Abatyalomali babesaba ukuba ukukhula koqoqosho kweChina kwakuza kubangela imfuno eninzi ukuba iya kufumana ukunikezela, ukuqhuba amaxabiso. Kodwa abaninzi abahlalutyi ngoku bayaqonda ukuba ukunyuka ngokukhawuleza kwamaxabiso eoli kwakubangelwa ukunyusa utyalo-mali nge- hedge fund kunye nabathengisi bexesha elizayo. NgoDisemba, wehla waya kwi-$ 43.70 engaphantsi nganye.
Ixabiso eliqhelekileyo lokuthengiswa kwe-aseli lase-United States liphinde lithinte inqaku ngo-Julayi 2008 kwi-4.17 yezigidi. Oku kwaphakama okuphezulu njenge $ 5 ngegolon kwezinye iindawo. NgoDisemba, behlile kwi $ 1.87 ngegolon. (Umthombo: "Iindlela ze-EIA zexabiso lexabiso," i-EIA.)
Ukubona umyinge, amaxabiso aphezulu kunye namafutha aphantsi, kunye neziganeko ezifanayo ukususela ngowe-1974, khangela iMbali yexabiso le-Oil . Okanye ungadinga i- Forecast yamaxabiso angamafutha angcolileyo .