Iimbini ezigqwesileyo ziBakala zamafutha angcolileyo
Xa kuziwa kwioli ebonakalayo, kukho amanani ahlukeneyo Amanqaku athengwa kakhulu athengiswayo yiBrent North Sea Crude (eyaziwa ngokuba yiBrent Crude) kunye ne- West Texas Intermediate (eyaziwa ngokuba yi-WTI).
I-Brent ibhekisela kwioli eveliswa kwiindawo zeoli zeBrent nakwezinye izakhiwo kwiNxweme yoMntla. Ixabiso layo leoli liyingcambu yeAfrika, yaseYurophu, neMpuma-mpahla. Indlela yokwenza intengo yeBrent ifuna ixabiso malunga nantathu yesithathu ye-oyile yerhafu yehlabathi. I-Brent yintoni abo bakwi-shishini abhekisela kuyo njengento "engcolileyo" engekho. Oko kuthetha ukuba unomxholo wesulfure engaphantsi kwama-5 ekhulwini. Umxholo wesiqulatho seBrent u-0.37 pesenti. Ixabiso elisezantsi le-sulfur lilula kwaye lithengisekile ukucoca kwimveliso eyahlukeneyo efana ne- petroli .
I-Brent kunye ne-WTI kunye neeMakethe ezorhwebo
I-WTI, enye i-oyile enkulu engathengiyo, ityunmarkmark for North America. I-WTI imnandi ngakumbi kuneBrent Crude kwaye inomxholo wesulfure ojikeleze iingu-0,2%. I-WTI ibakala elingcono lamafutha angcolileyo ukwenzela ukuveliswa kwepetoroli ngelixa ioli yeBrent iyanceda ukuveliswa kwee-diesel. Icandelo le-NYMEX (iNew York Mercantile Exchange) isahlulo se-CME (i-Chicago Mercantile Exchange) dwelisa iikontrakthi zexesha elizayo ze-WTI oil oil.
Ukuhanjiswa kwexesha elizayo le-WTI lenzeke eCushing, e-Oklahoma. I-Brent yorhwebo yexesha elizayo elingabalulekanga kwi-Intercontinental Exchange (ICE). Amazwe aseAsia athetha ukusebenzisa umxube wexabiso lokulinganisela kweBrent kunye neWTI ukuxabisa ioli.
Iindleko Zamafutha Azingcolileyo
Ixabiso leoli elingcolileyo libiza malunga needola ezi-3 ukuya kwi-4 ngemitha emibini yokuthumela impahla esuka eYurophu ukuya eUnited States kwiingqwembe ze-supertankers.
Kukho iintlukwano kwiindleko zokugcina ioli engcolileyo kwiiYurophu naseMntla yaseMelika. Kwimarike eqhelekileyo, umlinganiselo wexabiso phakathi kweBrent kunye neWTI ujikeleza i-$ 2.50 ukuya kwi-$ 4.00 ye-premium ye-WTI neBrent. Oku kubangelwa ngumxholo we-sulfur ophantsi we-WTI. Nangona kunjalo, kukho amaxesha apho oku kwahlukana kukuthanda i-premium yeBrent. Ezi meko zihlala zifumaneka ngenxa yezizathu zezopolitiko.
Iimpawu zehlabathi zichaphazela njani amaxabiso ahlaziyiweyo wamafutha
Ukuqonda ukuba iimeko zehlabathi zingenza njani ukusasazeka phakathi kweBrent kunye ne-WTI ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza ixesha elide kukulungele ukubuyela emva. Ekuqaleni kuka-2011, i-Brent-WTI yasasazeka yayisondele. Ukusasazeka kwandisa ngo-2011 kunye ne-Brent yorhwebo kwi-premium ukuya kwi-WTI. Ngeli xesha i-Arab Spring eqhutyelwe eYiputa ngoFebhuwari ka-2011, ukusasazeka kwanda. Ukwesaba kokuvalwa kweCanal Canal kunye nokungabikho kwezinto ezikhoyo kubangelwa ioli yeBrent engcolileyo ibe yabiza ngaphezu kwe-WTI. Njengoko iintlupheko zancinciwe ngoko kwandiswa. Kwaye ekupheleni konyaka ka-2011, urhulumente wase-Iranian wayesongela ukuvala ii-Straits zeHormu apho iipesenti ezingama-20 zeoli ehlabathini zihamba rhoqo ngosuku. Kwakhona, ukusabalalisa kwandiswe ngeli xesha kunye ne-Brent yorhwebo kwi-premium ye-25 ye-premium ngomgqomo ukuya kwi-WTI.
Umgangatho kunye nendawo echaphazela intengo
I-Brent kunye ne-WTI engenamacandelo aneempawu ezahlukileyo (oko kukuthi, i-WTI inomxholo wesulfure ophantsi). Ngoko ke, ulwahlulo lwentengo ngumgangatho osasazekayo. Kwakhona, ii-crudes ezimbini zifumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, iBrent eYurophu nakwi-WTI eNyakatho Melika. Ngoko ke, i-Brent ngokubhekiselele kwi-WTI nayo yindawo yokusabalalisa.
Ixabiso lentengo yeoli ephosakeleyo yinto enye ebandakanyekayo ekuqondeni imarike engcolileyo yeoli. Ukusasazeka phakathi kweBrent kunye ne-WTI ngumzekelo ogqithisileyo wokuba umgangatho kunye nendawo isasazeka njani kwichaphazela isakhiwo kunye neyona ntlawulo yexabiso elityunjiweyo emhlabeni jikelele.
Ixabiso leeNtshukumo ezisekelwe kwiziganeko zangaphandle
Kukho ukutshintsha kwemihlaba kwizenzakalo zehlabathi ezithintela utshintsho lwexabiso njengokuba i-premium yeBrent iphosa (eyenziwa ngo-2015). Le phasi yeprayimenti yenzeka ngenxa yezizathu ezibini ezibalulekileyo.
Okokuqala, isivumelwano sokuthi i-Iran izakunyusa inani le-irani engxowankulu ejikelezayo kwimarike imihla ngemihla. Ekubeni i-Brent iyimilinganiselo yexabiso lentengo ye-Iranian, le nto iphazamisa ixabiso leBrent malunga ne-WTI. Esinye isizathu kukuba i-US count count ihlile malunga nelo xesha. Kwaye, nangokwandisa inkxaso yokuthunyelwa kwezinto ezingekho phantsi kwe-US ngaphandle komhlaba, oko kuthetha ukumbumba okungaphantsi kwexesha elizayo kunye nemveliso engaphantsi kwe-US imihla ngemihla. Ngenxa yoko, i-Brent ihamba ngaphantsi ngenxa ye-iranian engaphezulu kunye ne-WTI iyomeleza ngenxa yokuvelisa okungaphantsi kwe-US kunye nokunyuka kwamazwe angaphandle. Olu lwalamano luyingxenye yezona zinto eziphambili ekuqondeni izinto ezisemgangathweni zexabiso lokuthengisa ixabiso elithengiswayo.