Funda Yintoni eyenza i-Oil Crude ifuthe okanye i-Sour and Light or Heavy
Ulwahlulo lweeHluli oluHlukileyo
Icandelo lepetroleum lisoloko libizwa ngamagama angcolileyo esekelwe kwimvelaphi yendawo yeoli - umzekelo "iWest Texas Intermediate." Ioli engcolileyo ikwahlulwa ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zomzimba kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamakhemikhali, usebenzisa amagama anjengokuthi "amnandi" okanye "omuncu," "ukukhanya" okanye "nzima." Ioli ecocekileyo iyahluka kwixabiso, incedo kunye nefuthe lokusingqongileyo.
Yintoni "Ecocekileyo" yeoli?
I-oyile engcolileyo kunye nomxholo ophantsi we-sulphuri ibalwa ngokuthi "i-sweet;" ioli engcolileyo kunye ne-sulfur ephezulu ifakwe "njengomuncu." Umxholo wesulfure uthathwa njengento engathandekiyo ngokubhekiselele kokubili kokusebenza kunye nomgangatho wokuphela komkhiqizo. Ngako oko, i-brude ecocekileyo iyakuthi ifaneleke ngakumbi kwaye ibaluleke ngaphezu kobuncinci obubi.
Yintoni Eyenza Ioli Engahlambuluki "Ukukhanya?"
I-brude ingachazwa ngokuthi "ukukhanya" okanye "inzima," uphawu olubhekisela kwisixinano esisezantsi seoli esekelwe kwi-American Petroleum Institute (API). Lo mlinganiselo ubonisa indlela ukukhanya okanye ukunyusa ioli engcolileyo ifaniswa ngamanzi. Ukuba i-API ye-API Gravity iyinkulu kune-10, ilula ngakumbi kunamanzi kwaye izakujikeleza kuyo. Ukuba i-API ye-API Gravity ingaphantsi kwe-10, inzima kunamanzi kwaye iya kucima.
I-Lighter engcolileyo ilula kwaye ingabizi kakhulu ukuvelisa. Inesiphakamiso esiphezulu se-hydrocarbons elula esingafumaneka kwakhona nge-distillation elula ekucoceni.
Inkohlakalo engenakukwazi ukuveliswa, ukuthuthwa kunye nokucocwa ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo kuba ineziphumo eziphezulu ze-sulfure kunye neensimbi ezininzi, ngakumbi i-nickel ne-vanadium. Inkohlakalo engqongqo inexinzelelo esondelayo okanye ide ngaphezu kwamanzi. Ioli ephosakeleyo inokuthiwa nangokuthi "i-tar sands" ngenxa yombalo wayo webhitumeni.
Nge-distillation elula, i-dense, ioli eyisilivere kakhulu inokuvelisa isabelo esikhulu semveliso ephantsi. Inkunkuma engqongqo idinga ukucocwa okongeziweyo ukuvelisa iimveliso ezixabisekileyo nakwiimfuneko.
Yintoni ecacisa ixabiso lexabiso loQoqosho loLuntu?
Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukucocwa okanye ukucoca ioli engcolileyo, ixabiseke ngakumbi. Ukwahlula kwexabiso phakathi kwamafutha angcolileyo kubonisa ukuba lula ukucoceka.
Ioli engcolileyo ingacwangciswa ukudala iimveliso ezivela kwi-asphalt kunye ne-petroli ukuya kumbane okhanyayo kunye negesi yemvelo , kunye neendidi eziyimfuneko ezifana ne-sulfure kunye ne-nitrogen. Iimveliso zepetroleum nazo ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo ekuveliseni amayeza, amachiza kunye neeplastiki.
Indlela yokuphucula izixhobo ezichaphazelekayo ichaphazela njani ixabiso
I-distillation elula - ukulungiswa kwezinga lokuqala-yee-oyile ezahlukeneyo ivelisa iziphumo ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, i-oil benchmark ye-US ye-benchmark, i-West Texas Intermediate (WTI), ine-isivuno semvelo esinqwenelekayo semveliso yokugqibela, kuquka i-petroli. Kodwa le nkqubo ivelisa "i-residuum" yesithathu, i-residual by-product emele ibuyiswe okanye ithengiswe kwisaphulelo. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-distillation elula ye-Arabia Arabia yo-Arabia Light, i-benchmark engqamlekanga yembali, ivelisa i-"residuum" yesiqingatha. Lo mahluko unikela iWTI premium ephezulu.
I-lighter ioli, ngaphezulu kwezinto ezinqwenelekayo, kwiimveliso ezifunekayo zivelisa nge-distillation kwiindidi zamashisa. Kwiindawo ezisezantsi zokusasaza iifriji, iimveliso eziveliswa ziquka i-petroleum gases (LPG), i-naphtha kunye nokuthiwa "ukuhamba ngokuthe ngqo" i-petroli. Kwinqanaba lokushisa i-distillation, i-refinery ivelisa i-jet fuel, i-oil heat heat, kunye ne-diesel fuel.
Kwiindawo eziphambili zokutshatyalaliswa kwezifudumala - ama-degrees ama-Fahrenheit angaphezu kwe-1 000 - iimveliso ezigqithisileyo ziveliswa, kubandakanywa i-residuum okanye i-oil oil residu, engasetyenziselwa iiblue. Ukwandisa umkhiqizo weemveliso ezinqwenelekayo, ii-refineries zivame ukuhlaziya iimveliso ezigqithiseleyo kwimveliso elula.
Ngaba ezinye iioli ezingcolileyo ziyingozi ngakumbi kunezinye?
"Utyhefu" lubhekisela kwindlela ukungonakalisa ngayo ioli kunabantu kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo, kunye nomhlaba kunye namanzi.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-lighter i-oli, inetyhefu ngakumbi iyaqwalaselwa. Ngenxa yezinto eziqhubekayo zokulahla, i-Arhente yokuKhuselwa kokusiNgqongileyo ibeke i-oyile engcolileyo kwiindidi ezine ezibonisa indlela ioli eya kuziphatha ngayo ekuhlaleni nasekuphumeni kwayo:
Iklasi A: Ngenxa yokuba ilula kwaye inamandla kakhulu, loo mafutha acacileyo nongqambileyo anokusasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwimimandla engapheliyo kunye namanzi. Iphunga labo linamandla, kwaye liphuphuma ngokukhawuleza, likhuphe izibilini. Ngokuqhelekileyo zivuthayo, la maoli nawo angena kwiindawo eziphazamisayo, ezinjengothuli kunye nesihlabathi, kwaye zihlala zihlala kwiindawo abaya kuzo. Abantu, intlanzi kunye nezinye izilwanyana nezityalo zezilwanyana zijongene nobungozi bezobisi kwiCandelo A-oyile.
Iklasi B: Kucingwa njengento engcolileyo kuneCandelo A, la maoli ngokuqhelekileyo ayengawunamathele kodwa aziva e-oxy or oily. Umfudumala abafumanayo, amafutha aseKlasi B amaninzi angena kwiindawo; banokuba nzima ukukususa. Xa izixhobo ezinobungozi bee-Class B zikhuphuka, umphumo unokuba yiClass C okanye iD resiue. Iklasi B ibandakanya amafutha aphakathi.
Iklasi C: Ezi zixhobo ezinzima, ezibandakanya amafutha ombane asele kunye nama-crudes azinzima, aphuza ukuba angene emzimbeni kwaye angenayo inetyhefu. Nangona kunjalo, ama-Class C oyile anzima ukuwukhupha kwaye angakwazi ukungena emanzini kwaye angabetha okanye adibanise izilwanyana zasendle.
Iklasi D: I- non-fluid, ii-oyile ezinqambileyo zihambelana nonobuthi kwaye azidibanisi kwiindawo eziphazamisayo. Ininzi emnyama okanye emnyama, ama-Class D oyile athambekele ekutshitshiseni kunye nokufihla indawo xa zishushu, ezenza kube nzima ukuhlambulula. Amafutha amaninzi angcolileyo, afana ne-bitumen efunyenwe kwi-tar sands, awela kweli nqanaba.