Iimveliso zamanzi eziNkunkuma zeShale Gas Drilling kunye neFracking

Ukujonga i-Flowback kwaye iveliswe i-Waste Fracking Waste

Igesi yendalo ifunyenwe kwi-shale ephantsi komhlaba ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-hydraulic fracturing - eyaziwa nangokuthi i-hydrofracking, i-hydro-fracturing, i-fracking, okanye i-fracking. Ngethuba le-hydrofracking, izigidi zamagoloni zamanzi axutywe kunye neekhemikhali zoshishino kunye nesihlabathi okanye i-particam cereamic - ziqhutywe kwiqula likhupha igesi yendalo . Ukwakhiwa kweMarcellus Shale kumntla-ntshona ye-United States, umzekelo, ukuphazamisa umthombo omnye kunokufuna iigidi ezi-1 ukuya kwezigidi ezili-5 ezigidi zamangxube alo mxube wamanzi.

Iintlobo zeFracking Water Water

Amanzi enkunkuma kwi-shale gas drilling ihamba ngamagama amabini: i- flowback kunye namanzi avelisiweyo . La magama ahlala esetyenziswa ngokungafaniyo, kodwa anentsingiselo eyahlukileyo.

Umlinganiselo we-flowback kunye namanzi aveliswayo ahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamanzi, kwaye akusiyo yonke into eyenziwa yi-shale ivelisa amanzi amaninzi. Amabini avelisa amanzi amancinci okanye angabikho namnye yiLee Shale, e-San Juan Basin yaseNew Mexico naseColorado, kunye neFayetteville Shale e-Arkansas.

Ukubuya

Emva kokuba inkqubo yokucutshungulwa kwe-hydraulic igqityiwe, uxinzelelo kumthombo lukhutshwa. Ukhokelo lwe-fluid flow flows and water and excessant flows back to the surface. Zomibini iinkqubo kunye namanzi abuyele ngokuqhelekileyo abizwa ngokuthi "ukuhamba."

Amanzi avelisiweyo

Emva kokumba kunye nokuqhekeza umthombo, amanzi angaphuma kuwo kunye negesi yendalo. Ezinye zamanzi zibuyiselwa i-fracturing fluid kwaye ezinye zazo zivela ngokwemvelo kwi-geological formation.

La manzi aveliswayo abuyele emlonyeni wegesi.

I-Fracking Waste Water Contents kwiNkcazo

Ukukhupha kunye nokuveliswa kwamanzi kubonwa njengenkunkuma enobungozi kwaye kufuneka ilahlwe ngokukhuselekileyo. Ngokwe-Arhente yokuKhuselwa kokusiNgqongileyo (i-EPA), amanzi aveliswe ngokuqhelekileyo emithonjeni enzulu okanye "ngamanzi angaselunxwemeni yamanzi." Amanzi aphumayo kwaye avelisiweyo aqulethe ityuwa, iikhemikhali zoshishino, ii-hydrocarbons, kunye nezinto ezichanekileyo.

• Ityuwa. Ukuphuma kwemveliso kunye namanzi akhiqizwayo anetyuwa kakhulu. Oku kungenxa yokuba isaliti yongezwa kwi-fracturing fluid kwaye ikhutshwe kwi-geologically formation. Amanzi aveliswayo adume kakhulu ngenxa yobuncwane obunokuthi i-hydrocarbon ibhekiselele kuwo nje ngokuba "ngamanzi anetyuwa" okanye "i-brine." KwiMarcellus Shale, amanzi ajikelezayo aqikelelwe kwi-32,300 mg kwithayitha ye-sodium. Ukuthelekisa, izikhokelo ze-EPA zibiza u-20 mg / L ngaphezulu kwamanzi okusela.
• Iikhemikhali zoshishino. Ukukhupha kunye nokuveliswa kwamanzi kuqulethe iikhemikhali ezifakwe kwi-well to facilitate the drill. Ngokomzekelo, kwiMarcellus Shale, amanzi ajikelezayo aqukethe iqondo eliphezulu le-sodium, i-magnesium, isinyithi, i-barium, i-strontium, i-manganese, i-methanol, i-chloride, i-sulfate nezinye izinto.
• Hydrocarbons. Amanzi avelisiweyo anokufumana i-hydrocarbons - kuquka izinto ezinobuthi, i-benzene, i-toluene, i-ethylbenzene kunye ne-xylene-leyo inokukhutshwa ngexesha lokucoca.
• Izinto ezifakwe kwii-radioactive. Amanzi abuyele emkhathini ngexesha lokubumba angenza izinto ezifakwe kwi-radioactive, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-"NORM." Ukuphuma kwamanzi kunye nokuveliswa kwamanzi amaninzi amashishini amakhulu ase-United States kuye kwafunyanwa kuqulethwe i-radium. Xa kuveliswa ngamanzi unobuncwane kwaye unotye kwi-chloride, i-radium ihlala ikhona kwiindawo eziphezulu.

I-EPA ivumela ama-picocuries angama-5 e-radium ngeyure nganye yamanzi okusela. Kufunyenwe amanzi avelisiweyo anamaqela e-radium angaphezulu kwama-9,000 picocuries kwitha nganye (pCi / g).