Nguwuphi uMongameli odale iMisebenzi emininzi?

by Kimberly Amadeo

Imisebenzi yabaPhathiswa bakaMongameli ngeNdalo kunye neepesenti

Nguwuphi umongameli owadala imisebenzi emininzi? Kufuneka ujonge ipesenti kunye nenani elipheleleyo lemisebenzi eyenzelwe ukuthelekisa abaongameli ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kulula kakhulu ukwenza imisebenzi eninzi namhlanje ukususela ngoqoqosho lukhulu. Ngokomzekelo, kwakukho abantu abayizigidi ezili-143.1 basebenza ngo-2015. Ezi zihlandlo ezili-10 ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-31.5 eziqeshwe ngo-1939 (unyaka wokuqala kunanikezwe yi-Bureau of Labor Statistics.)

Ngaloo nto, uBill Clinton wadala inani elininzi lemisebenzi (23.2 yezigidi) ngexesha lakhe. UBarack ubesibini, ukudala imisebenzi eyi-17.2 yezigidi ukususela ekuqaleni kwexesha lakhe. Kodwa uBrazil wadala imisebenzi engama-22.3 yezigidi ezivela kwingxenyana eyona mibi yeCreat Recession (ngoJanuwari 2010) ekupheleni kwekota. Ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kwaqhubeka ukunyuka nangemva kokuba uqoqosho lwaphela ngoJulayi 2009. Ezinye iinkampani ziyaqhubeka zichitha abasebenzi nakuba emva koqoqosho lujika. Bafuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuhlaliswa kwemali kunene ngaphaya kokuba baqale ukuqasha kwakhona.

ULyndon B. Johnson wongezelela ipesenti zeempesheni-izilumko (20.7 ekhulwini) ngexesha lalo mabini. UFranklin Roosevelt wenza i-pesenti-bulumko (iipesenti ezingama-32,7) ukususela ekuhlaleni kweNkulu yokuPhukisa . Kodwa, akunakulungele ukuyisebenzisa ngenxa yokuba wayesebenza ngaphezu kweemibini.

Ingxelo yomongameli ekudalweni kwemisebenzi ixhomekeke kwimeko yeshishini . Ngokomzekelo, abo bazuze umhlalaphansi , njengoClinton, Obama, Reagan, uCarter noLBJ, benza ngcono ekudalweni kwemisebenzi. Baqala ngesiseko esiphantsi, kwaye ke babengenanto yokuya kodwa benyuka. Labo abadala ukufuduka, njengezoNtsundu, i-Nixon, ne-Eisenhower, benza okubi kakhulu.

Abaongameli banamathuluzi amaninzi ekwakheni imisebenzi. Izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ziyimigaqo-nkqubo yezemali , ngokukodwa ukuchitha imali . Imali kaRhulumente ingabasebenzisa abantu ngokuthe ngqo kwaye ngokubambisana. Oku kuya kubakhuthaza icandelo labucala ukuba liqeshe ngeemfuno ezinkulu ezivela kubathengi. Kodwa bonke abaongameli kufuneka babe nokuvunywa kwebhajethi ngaphambi kokuba bachithe.

Umongameli unesixhobo esisodwa esikhethekileyo njengenkokeli yehlabathi elikhululekile. Angakhuthaza ukuzithemba ngokusebenzisa umbono ophosakeleyo. Umongameli onokwazi ukuchaza umyalezo obangela ukungathandabuzeki nokungaqiniseki kakuhle kuya kuphumelela ekudaleni imisebenzi.

01 UBill Clinton (1993-2001)

UClinton wongeze imisebenzi engama-21,5 yezigidi, ukunyuswa kweepesenti ezingama-19.6. Kukho abantu abayizigidi ezili-131 abaqeshwe ngoDisemba 1999, ekupheleni kwekota. Ziyizigidi ezingama-21,5 ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezili-109.5 eziqeshwe ekuqaleni kwekota.

Ngokungafani nabaninzi bamongameli, wenza oku ngepolitiki yezoqoqosho . Wawongamela iminyaka engaphezu kwe-sibhozo yokukhula ngokuqhubekayo kwezoqoqosho ngaphandle kokungezelela ityala. Wadala intsalela, ukunciphisa ityala nge $ 63 billion. UMthetho woNxibelelwaniso lwabiwo-mali we-Omnibus ka -1993 wenyusa izinga lokuhlawula irhafu ephezulu ukusuka kuma-28 ekhulwini ukuya kuma-36 ekhulwini kubantu abafumana umvuzo ophezulu. Wandisa izinga lokuhlawula irhafu eliphezulu kwi-34% ukuya kuma-36 ekhulwini. Wadala iitaliti yengeniso yokufumana imali kwiintsapho ezifumana imali engaphantsi kwaye iphakamisa irhafu yerhasi yi-$ .043 nganye ngegaloni.

Ngexesha elifanayo, unqumle iindleko zentlalontle. Abafumanayo kufuneka bafumane imisebenzi emva kweminyaka emibini. Imigaqo yakhe inqumle inani kwinhlalakahle ngokubini kwisithathu, ukuya kwizigidi ezi-4.5, ngo-2004. UClinton wadala iingcinga ezi-14 zokwenza imisebenzi .

02 UBarack Obama (2009-2017)

UMongameli Obama wadala imisebenzi eyi-17.267 yezigidi ngasekupheleni kukaDisemba 2016, ukunyuka kwama-12,8 ekhulwini. Kukho abantu abayizigidi ezili-152.111 abaqeshwe ekupheleni kwekota. Uthelekiswa nezigidi ezingama-134.844 ezisebenza ekupheleni koLawulo lweBush.

Kodwa loo nto ayinikezeli umfanekiso opheleleyo. Uqoqosho lulahlekelwe yimisebenzi eyizigidi eziyi-8.7 ngenxa yeengxaki zemali ka-2008. Waqhubeka ewachitha kude kube nguJanuwari 2010. Ukususela kuloo ndawo, u-Obama wadala imisebenzi engama-22.309 yezigidi, i-17.2 yeepesenti yokwanda.

U-Obama uhlasele iRest Recession noMthetho Wokubuyiswa kweMelika kunye nokuThengiswa kwakhona . Yakha imisebenzi ngemisebenzi kawonkewonke. Uninzi lwawo msebenzi lwakhiwe. Ukunciphisa ngempumelelo izinga lokungasebenzi . Kodwa oko kwakuthetha ukuba uBongameli wandise ityala ngo-7.9 trillion, i-67% ekhulisa. Oko kwaxotha inkokhelo kumlinganiselo we-GDP ukuya kuma-104 ekhulwini.

Akuzange ivuselele imfuno ngokungathi idala inani elifanayo lemisebenzi ephezulu yokuhlawula i-tech tech. Enyanisweni, imisebenzi eyakhiwe emva kokugqithiswa okumbalwa kokugqibela sele ikhokelela ekungalingani kwemali engaphezulu, njengoko abasebenzi abaqeshwe kwakhona bazimisele ukufumana imisebenzi ehlawulwa ngaphantsi. Izinga eliphakamileyo lexesha elide elingasebenziyo kunye nokungasebenzi phantsi lithetha ukuba umgangatho wenziwa kuphela.

Ukudalwa kweYobhi bekuya kubomeleza ngexesha le-Obama xa iCongress yayingayidluli. Kwintlanganiso yakhe yokugqibela ye- FOMC , uSihlalo weSithili seBhodi uBen Bernanke wathi le miqathango yokunyanzelisa inyanzelekile urhulumente ukuba achithe imisebenzi engama-600,000 kwiminyaka emine. Ekubuyiseni kwangaphambili, uqoqosho lwongezelela imisebenzi engama-400 000 ngexesha elifanayo.

U-Obama ucacisa izicwangciso zakhe zokudala amathuba emisebenzi kwiNdawo yeeNtetho zeNyunyana kunye noMthetho waseMelika waseMisebenzi .

03 URonald Reagan (1981-1989)

UMongameli uRonald Reagan waya kwi-Air Force One ngo-1987. URonald Reagan uMongameli weLebhenari

UReagan wongeze ngemisebenzi eyizigidi eziyi-15.9 ngelixesha lesibhozo leminyaka, i-17.6 yeepesenti yokwanda. Kwakukho abantu abayizigidi ezili-106.9 basebenza ngoDisemba 1988 xa kuthelekiswa nezigidi ezingama-91 ngoDisemba 1980.

Waphendula ngo-1981 ukuhlalisana kwemali kunye neReaganomics . Lo ngumgaqo-nkqubo wezemali oqaqambileyo ngokusekelwe kwi -economics side side . I-Reagan yinqumle irhafu yerhafu yokufumana ingeniso ukusuka kuma-70 ekhulwini ukuya kuma-28 ekhulwini. Kwakhona wanciphisa isantya esiphezulu serhafu kwi-48 ukuya kuma-34 ekhulwini. Yandisa imali yombuso ngama-2.5 ekhulwini ngonyaka. Imigaqo yakhe iphindwe kabini ityala. Ngaphezulu, yabona, Ngaba i-Economics-Down Down Work? , kunye neKreve Curve .

04 uLyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969)

UMongameli Johnson kunye nejoni eVietnam. Yoichi Okamoto kwilayibrari yeLBJ.

UJohnson wongeza imisebenzi eyizigidi eziyi-11,9 kwizigidi ezingama-57.36 eziqeshwe ngoDisemba 1963. Yiyo i-20.7 yeepesenti yokwanda.

I-LBJ yachitha kwiinkqubo zentlalo, njenge-Medicare, Medicaid, kunye neMfazwe yintlupheko. Oku kwandisa ityala ngamaphesenti ama-13. Ngethuba elishiya i-ofisi, uqoqosho lwalukhula ngama-4.9 ekhulwini. Odala i-4.7 yepesenti yokunyuka kwamaxabiso .

05 Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945)

URovelvelt wongeze i-10.3 yezigidi zemisebenzi, i-32.7 yeepesenti kunyuka ngaphezu kwabasebenzi abayizigidi ezingama-31.5 ukususela ngowe-1939. (Le ndlela ihamba phambili njengoko inani leemisebenzi lihamba.) Oku kwakuba emva kokudala iNguqulelo entsha ukuphelisa ukuCaluleka koMkhulu . I-FDR nayo yakha uqoqosho ekungeneni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II.

06 URichard Nixon (1969-1974)

I-Nixon yongeze imisebenzi engama-8,8 yezigidi kwabasebenzi abayizigidi ezingama-69.246 ekupheleni kolawulo lukaJohnson. Yiyo i-12.7 yeepesenti yokwanda.

Ekuqaleni wayewongamela ukwanda koqoqosho. Abantu baseMelika bhiyozelwa ngokungenisa iimpahla ezininzi. Njengoko behlawule ngeedola, abantu bezinye iintlanga baqala ukuwahlawulela igolide. Isivumelwano seBretton Woods siqinisekisile igolide enye yonke i-$ 35. I-United States ayikwazanga ukuyihlawula i-dollar ye-45.7 yezigidi kwiidola zonke zehlabathi, ekubeni ibambe i-$ 14.5 yezigidi zegolide ngegolide. I-Federal Reserve iphakanyise amazinga omdla ekukhuseleni umgangatho wegolide, kodwa leyo yakha i-1970.

I-Nixon yalela i-90-day frozen on salary and prices, eyabangela ukwanda kwemali. Ngokukhawuleza washiya izinga legolide ngokupheleleyo . Oko kwakha ukunyuka kwamanani amanani aphindwe kabini, njengoko ixabiso lentela liye lalinganiselwa kuma-120 e-nganye ngegolide.

U-Nixon wanqoba ukhetho kwakhona, kodwa izenzo zakhe zadala uqoqosho lwe-1973, kunye ne-inflation-digit digits. Le meko ibizwa ngokuba yi-stagflation. I-Nixon yashiya ngomhla ka-Agasti 8, 1974, ngenxa yehlazo lika-Watergate.

07 UHarry Truman (1945-1953)

UTruman wongezelela imisebenzi engama-8.3 yezigidi, ukunyuka kwama-19.8 ekhulwini. Wongeza i-$ 7 billion kwi-matyala ukuze alwe nama-recessions amabini. Ukuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kubangele ukuhlaliswa kwemali ngo-1945, eyavela ngo-1949.

08 uDwight Eisenhower (1953-1961)

I-Eisenhower yongeze imisebenzi engama-3.6 yezigidi, ukunyuswa kwepesenti ezi-7.1. Wandisa i-matyala ngamaphesenti angama-9, okanye i-$ 23 yezigidigidi, ukulwa nemigqaliselo emibili. Ukuphela kweMfazwe yaseKorea kubangele ukuhlawulelwa kweminyaka ka-1953. Amanani omdla aphakamileyo enza ukuba uqoqosho lwama-1957 lwenzeke.

Icandelo lempumelelo ye-Eisenhower kunye nokudalwa kwemisebenzi yenziwa ngenxa yokudalwa kwe-Interstate Highway System. Wasebenzisa iiligidi ezingama-25 zeebhiliyoni zokwakha iikhilomitha ezingama-41 000 zomgwaqo.

Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukwakhiwa kwemisebenzi karhulumente yenye yeyona ndlela isebenzise kakuhle ngayo imali yezemali ukudala imisebenzi. Iidola ezigidi eziyizigidi ezidlulileyo ezithatyathwa kwiindawo zokuthutha zikawonkewonke zenza imisebenzi yezokwakha 19,795 Isisombululo esingcono sokungabikho kwengqesho kunokwenziwa kweentlawulo zerhafu, okudala imisebenzi eyi-10,779 kwintengo efanayo.

09 John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)

UKennedy wongeze imisebenzi engama-3.6 yezigidi, ukunyuka kwama-6,7 ekhulwini. Inkulumo yakhe yokuvusa yenza ithemba. Wavuma ukuchitha imali , ukunyusa ityala nge-8.6 ekhulwini. Wakhuphula umvuzo omncinci, uphuculo lweNtlalo loKhuseleko, kwaye wadlulisela ipakethe yokuhlaziywa kwedolophini. Okugqityiwe umnotho we-1960 uzuze kwi-Eisenhower.

UGeorge W. Bush (2001-2009)

UMongameli Bush wabumba imisebenzi engama-2.1 yezigidi ngelixesha eliyiminyaka elisibhozo. Kungenxa yokuba wayenengxaki ezimbini. Ulahlekelwe yimisebenzi yezigidi eziyi-3.6 ngo-2008, unyaka wakhe wokugqibela eofisini. Ukuzuza kwemisebenzi kwakungaphambi kwaloo, njengoko waphinda wabuyela kwiminyaka eyi- 2001 . Waphendule kuyo ngokuhlolwa kwefuthe kunye nokutyunjwa kwentlawulo yase Bush . Akukho kwezi ziindlela ezilungileyo zokudala imisebenzi. Wancedwa ngamaxabiso omncinci omgangatho osuka kwi-Alan Greenspan yomgaqo-mali wezemali .

11 AbaMongameli bexesha elilodwa

AbaPhathiswa abasebenza kuphela kwikota elinye babe nexesha elingaphantsi lokwenza imisebenzi.

UGeorge HW Bush (1989-1993) wongezelela imisebenzi engama-2.6 yezigidi, ukwanda kweepesenti ezingama-17.6. Wongeza i-$ 1.5 trillion kwi-matyala, ukunyuka kwama-54 ekhulwini.

UJimmy Carter (1977-1981) wongezelela imisebenzi eyi-10,5 yezigidi, ukwanda kweepesenti ezingama-13. Wenza oko ngokufaka i-$ 299 yezigidigidi zeeRandi ezingama-699 zeebhiliyoni, ukunyuka kwama-43 ekhulwini.

UGerald Ford (1974-1977) wongezelela imisebenzi engama-2.4 yezigidi, ukwanda kweepesenti ezingama-3.1. Wazuza ilifa lika-1973 kuMongameli uNixon. Wongeza i-$ 224 yezigidigidi zeedola kwi-US, okwakusenyuka ngama-47 ekhulwini.

12 Indlela

La manani athatyathwa kwingxelo yesava yendlu eqokelelwe yi-Bureau of Labor Statistics. Ibala inani elipheleleyo labasebenzi abaqeshwe. Oku kuquka abantu abaqeshwe ngabasebenzi, abasebenzi basekhaya bangebodwa, kunye nalabo abesikhashana kwikhefu elingakhokhelwa.

Unokubona kwakhona imithombo esebenzisa idatha yesaziso yoshishini engekho yefama, iqokelelwe yi-Bureau of Labor Statistics. Akubandakanyi abasebenzi abaqeshwe ngabasebenzi okanye abasebenzi basefama. Ibala abo abangaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-16. Kwakhona kubalwa nomntu obambe imisebenzi emibini njengabantu ababini abaqeshwe. (Umthombo: "Inqaku leNgqesho yeNkcazo yeNkcazo," i-Bureau of Labor Statistics.)