Ukususela kwiWarren Hard to Donald Trump
Nalu uhlalutyo lwaba-10 be-presidents, imigaqo-nkqubo yabo yezoqoqosho, kunye nendlela abayilandela ngayo isiRashiya.
UWarren G. Harding (1921-1923)
UWarren G. Harding wathi, "Urhulumente ophantsi kwishishini kunye nezoshishino kurhulumente." Ngexesha lakhe, iiRephabhlikhi zaphelisa imigaqo eyasungulwa ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Bazinqumla iintlawulo, ngokukodwa kwiinkampani kunye nobutyebi. Bamisela uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluphantsi komThetho weBhajethi kunye ne-Accounting Act ka-1921. Kwafuneka onke amasebe aseburhulumenteni angenise ibhajethi ebumbeneyo phantsi komongameli. Kwakhona kwasekwa iOfisi yeGosa eliPhezulu.
Ukulawulwa kwe-Harding kwenza i-banking yase-US ikhuphisane ngokubanzi kumazwe ngamazwe. Yanceda ekwakheni iYurophu emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Yathetha iingxoxo ngezorhwebo kunye ne-Malaysia kunye neMbindi Mpuma, kwaye yakha umgaqo-nkqubo wokuthengisa umnyango e-Asia. Kwakhona wabancedisa amanyathelo okukhusela ezoqoqosho njengemirhumo kunye nemida yokufuduka. Yayiyipolisi yaseRiphablikhi kwada kwa-1930.
Ukuxhaswa kwemigangatho eyayixhasa inkxaso engekho ngokweRiphabliki.
Wayeyinkomfa yenkomfa yehlabathi yokulwa neengqungquthela ezonakalisa iinqwelo zempi. Uhlahlo lwabiwo lwabiwo lwe-Harding luye lwasika i-$ 2 yezigidigidi kwi-matyala Yiyo iipesenti ezi-7 ezihlawulela kwi-$ 24 yeebhilidi ekupheleni kwebhajethi yokugcina ka-Woodrow Wilson, i-FY 1921. Wilson kufuneka ahlawule iMfazwe Yehlabathi I.
Abaninzi abaqeshwe yi-Harding babandakanyeka kwiinkcazo.
Ukholo oluntu olonakalisiweyo kurhulumente.
UCalvin Coolidge (1923-1929)
UCalvin Coolidge wathi, "Ukuba urhulumente wesigqeba uza kuphuma kwishishini, ukuqhutyelwa kwabantu abaqhelekileyo akuyi kuqonda umahluko." Ngexesha lakhe, iMelika yaguqulwa ukusuka kwimveli eya kuqoqosho oluxubekileyo . Ukwakhiwa okutsha kuye kwaphindwa kabini. Ukungasebenzi kwahlala kungaphantsi kwezinga lezemvelo elingama-4 ekhulwini. Kungenxa yokuba iUnited States ivelise isiqingatha semveliso yehlabathi, ekubeni iMfazwe Yehlabathi I yabhubhisa ininzi yeYurophu.
Ukuba uphumelele kwavumela uColidlidge ukunciphisa iindleko zikaRhulumente. Wanciphisa ityala likazwelonke ngama-5 billion. Kwakuyi-26 yeepesenti ezinciphile ukusuka kwi-$ 21 yezigidi zeebhilikhwe ekupheleni kwebhajethi yokugcina ye-Harding, ngo-1923.
UCoolidge wayengumntu ongeyedwa kunye nomkhuseli ngexesha abantu baseMerika beyika u-Soviet Union. Wabeka iirhafu eziphezulu kwiimveliso zangaphandle ukukhusela amashishini asekhaya. Walahla ubulungu be-US kwi-League of Nations.
UCoolidge uphando ngee-scandals ezivela kulawulo lwe-Harding. Okubuyiselwe ukholo lwabantu baseMelika kuorhulumente wabo. Ukuzithemba kwakunceda ukuPhuma kweMinyaka eyi-20 . (Umthombo: "UCalvin Coolidge," History.com.)
UCoolidge wanceda ukudala i-theory ye-economic side side kunye noNobhala wakhe weNondyebo uAndretha Mellon. Wayeka iirhafu ukuze ekugqibeleni kuphela ocebileyo akhokhe nayiphi na. (Umthombo: "Ukukhuphela Okukhulu," I-New York Times, ngoFebruwari 14, 2013.)
Nangona imali eyingenelo yenyuka ivela kwi-$ 6,460 ukuya kwi-8,016 kumntu ngamnye, ayizange isatshatwe ngokufanayo. Ngomnyaka we-1922, iipesenti ezi-1 zabantu abafumana i-13,4 ekhulwini yengeniso yesizwe. Eye yavuka ngama-14.5 ekhulwini ngo-1929. (Umthombo: "Uqoqosho Lwamanje 1919 - 1930," i-California State University, Northridge.)
UColidlidge wathi, "Ibhizinisi eliphambili labantu baseMerika lizoshishino." Wasusa isongelo sekomishoni zolawulo ngokubasebenzisa abo babenomdla kumashishini. U-Coolidge wamukelwa kwiminyaka kamva ukuba iinkqubo zakhe zoshishino-nkqubo zingabangela igalelo ekugqibeleni kwiNkuthazo ePhambili .
UHerbert Hoover (1929-1933)
UHerbert Hoover waba ngumongameli ngo-Matshi 1929. Ukunciphisa umgangatho owaba yiNtlupheko Enkulu yaqala ngo-Agasti. Imarike yemasheya yaphahlazeka ngo-Oktobha. Bonke abameli bakaHoover babesetyenziswa ngempendulo yakhe kwiNkcitho.
UHoover wayengummeli woqoqosho lwe-laiss-faire . Wayekholelwa ukuba uqoqosho olusekelwe kwi- capitalism lwaluya kuzilungisa. Wayevakalelwa kukuba uncedo loqoqosho luya kwenza abantu bayeke ukusebenza. Ukukhathazeka kwakhe okukhulu kukugcina uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Njengoko ukuxinezeleka kugqoke, ingeniso karhulumente yawa. Ukugcina ukungabikho kwemali, u-Hoover unciphise imali.
Nangona iCongress icinezela uHoover ukuba athathe isenzo, wagxininisa kumashishini azinzileyo. Wayekholelwa ukuba ukuphumelela kwabo kwakuza kunqumla kumntu oqhelekileyo. Njenganoma yiphina iRiphabhlikhi enhle, iHoover inciphise isantya sokurhaxisa ukulwa nokudakumba. Kodwa ke wanciphisa ixabiso eliphezulu, enye iipesenti ezingama-24. Wabuyisela kuma-25 ekhulwini ngoDisemba 1920. Wanyusa izinga eliphezulu ukuya kuma-63 ekhulwini ngowe-1932 ukwenzela ukunciphisa ilahleko. Ukuzibophezela kwakhe kwibhajethi elinganisiweyo kwandisa ngakumbi ukudandatheka.
Ucele iCongress ukuba yenze i-Reconstruction Finance Corporation. Yayikhokhela i-$ 2 yezigidigidi ukuba amashishini angaphumeleli ukukhusela amaninzi. Kwakhona wanikela imali ukutsho ukunyusa abangasebenzi kunye nokwandisa imisebenzi kawonkewonke. Wayeziva kakhulu ukuba ukunyamekela abangasebenziyo kwakuxanduva lwendawo kunye nokuzikhethela, kungekhona lombuso.
Ngomnyaka we-1930, uHoover wasayina i- Smoot-Hawley Tariffs . Ngomnyaka we-1931, uqoqosho lwaye lwafumana isivumelwano se-27 ekhulwini ukususela ngo-Agasti 1929. Amanye amazwe abuyiselwa. Ukukhuseleka kwehlabathi lonke kukurhweba i-trade world ngama-66 ekhulwini ngamanzi aphantsi koxinzelelo. Ukususela ngoko, uninzi lwazobupolitika luchasene nokukhusela.
Nangona umnqweno wokuhlalutya uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali, uHoover wongezelela i-$ 6 billion kwi-matyala. Kungenxa yokuba ukunyanzelwa kwengqondo kwanciphisa intlawulo yerhafu kwi-federal government. Kwakuyi-33 ekhulwini kwenyuka kwi-$ 17 yezigidi zeebhanti ekupheleni kwebhajethi yokugqibela ka-Coolidge, i-FY 1929.
UDwight Eisenhower (1953-1961)
Kumgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya, uMongameli u-Eisenhower ulandele ikhosi ephakathi. Waqhubeka neninzi yeNkqubo entsha ye-FDR kunye neenkqubo zeTrans Fair Deal. Wandisa umvuzo omncinci wase - US . Wadala neSebe lezeMpilo, ezeMfundo kunye neNtlalontle. Yenza umsebenzi we-Federal Security Administration. Wandisa ubume boKhuseleko loLuntu ukuhlawula izigidi ezili-10 zaseMerika, kuquka nabasebenzi baseburhulumenteni kunye nomkhosi. Wakhuphula izibonelelo zombini kunye neerhafu zomvuzo.
I-Eisenhower iphelile iMfazwe yaseKorea ngowama-1953. Oku kwadala ukuhlaliswa kwemali ngoJulayi 1953 kwaphela ngo-Meyi 1954. Uqoqosho lwaba ne-2.2 ekhulwini kwi-Q3, 5.9 ekhulwini kwi-Q4, kunye ne-1.8 ekhulwini kwi-Q1 1954. Ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kwafikelela kwinani elingama-6.1 ekhulwini ngoSeptemba 1954.
Kodwa, njengeRiphabhliki enhle, uEisenhower igxininise uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Wanciphisa imali yokusetyenziswa kwemikhosi kwimali eyi-$ 526 yezigidigidi ukuya kwii-383 zeebhiliyoni. Wakhuthaza iiprogram ze "Atom for Peace" eyagcizelela ukwabelana ngolwazi nge-athomu ngenjongo yokuthula endaweni yezixhobo. Wadala i-Arhente yolwazi yase-US kwaye wakhuthazwa ukusebenzisa i-CIA ukufezekisa iinjongo zemikhosi ngokusebenzisa impembelelo, kungekhona imfazwe. (Umthombo: "Ukubuyela Kuxanduva," I-Centre ye-American Progress, ngoJulayi 14, 2011.)
Njengengxenye yeqhinga lokukhusela ekhaya, i-Eisenhower yakha i-Interstate Highway System ngo-1954. Yakhiwa ezili-41 000 zeendlela ezidibanisa iipesenti ezingama-90 zazo zonke iidolophu ezingaphezu kwama-50,000. Urhulumente wezepolisi wabelwe iiligidi eziyi-25 zamaRandi kumazwe ukuba akhiwe ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-13. Yayimisa i-Highway Trust Fund ukuqokelela irhafu yerhasi eya kuhlawula. Kuya kuvumela ukuthuthwa ngokukhuselekileyo kwimeko yemfazwe yenyukliya okanye ukuhlaselwa komkhosi.
Ngo-1957, uDwight Eisenhower wadala i-NASA ukuqhubela phambili ubukhokeli base-US kwi-rocketry, i-satellites kunye nokuhlola indawo.
Olunye uqoqosho lwasuka ngo-Agasti 1957 ukuya ku-Epreli 1958. I-Federal Reserve yabangela ngokunyusa amaxabiso. Oku kunceda ukunciphisa i-revenue revenue. Ngenxa yoko, u-Eisenhower wongezelela i-$ 23 billion kwi-debteral federal. Kwakuyi-9 yeepesenti kwenyuka kwi-$ 266 yezigidigidi zeebhanti ekupheleni kwebhajethi yokugqibela ka-Truman, ngo-1953.
URichard Nixon (1969-1974)
URichard Nixon wabuya kwimigaqo yeRiphablikhi yendabuko. Ngomnyaka we-1969, umongameli omtsha wamemezela i-Nixon Doctrine. Yanciphisa ukubandakanyeka kwempi yase-US kwimfazwe yaseVietnam. Watshela abalingani base-US ukuba banakekele ukuzivikela kwabo, kodwa babeza kunika inkxaso njengoko kuceliwe. I-Nixon yayiphendula kwimibhikisho yokulwa nemfazwe yokuphelisa iMfazwe yaseVietnam.
Imfundiso ibuye ikhuseleke ngaphandle kweoli ye-Middle East kwi-Shah ye- Iran nase-Saudi Arabia. Phakathi kowe-1969-1979, iUnited States yathumela i-$ 26 yezigidi kwiingalo kumazwe amabini ukuze zikhusele ngokumelene ne- communism . Eli lungiselelo laqhubeka kwaze kwaba yilapho amaRashiya ehlasela i-Afghanistan ngo-1978 kwaye i-Shah yachithwa ngo-1979. U-Nixon wanezela i-$ 121 billion kwi-sikweletu se-354 yezigidi zezigidi zelizwe ngelixesha lakhe kwiofisi, kodwa yakhe Imfundiso yenze igalelo lexesha elide kakhulu. Imfundiso yavumela i-Nixon ukunciphisa iindleko zokukhusela ezivela kwi-$ 523 billion ukuya kwi-371 billion zeebhiliyoni.
Ngowe-1971, waqalisa "iNixon Shock." Okokuqala, wanikezela ukulawulwa kwamanani omvuzo owawunqumla uqoqosho lwamahishini lwamahhala eMerika. Okwesibini, wavala ifowuni yegolide. Oku kuthetha ukuba iFed ayiyi kuphinda ikhuphe iidola ngegolide. Oku kuthetha ukuba iUnited States yashiya ukuzibophezela kwayo kwiSivumelwano seBretton Woods ngo -1944. Okwesithathu, wamisa intlawulo yeepesenti ezili-10 kwiingeniso. Wayefuna ukunciphisa intlawulo yemali ye -US. Kodwa kwandisiwe namaxabiso angeniso kubathengi. Oku kunceda ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kumanani aphindwe kabini.
Ngowe-1973, i-Nixon yagqiba umgangatho wegolide ngokupheleleyo. Ixabiso ledoli lawa de wafuna i-$ 120 ukuthenga i-ounce yegolide. Ixabiso leoli, elithengwa ngeedola, liye lanyuka. I-OPEC ihambelane nokuthunyelwa kweoli kwimeko yokuzama ukukhulisa ixabiso layo. Ngaphezulu, funda iMbali ye- Gold Standard .
I-Nixon Shock yadala iminyaka elishumi ye- stagflation . Edibanisa ukungqinelana kwezoqoqosho kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso amabini. Ngowe-1974, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kwaba yi-12.3 ekhulwini. Uqoqosho lwaye lwafumana i-0.5%. Ngowe-1975, izinga lokungabikho kwemisebenzi lalingama-9 ekhulwini. Ixabiso lentengo liphakathi kwe-10-12 ekhulwini ukususela ngoFebruwari 1974 ukuya ku-Epreli 1975.
I-Nixon ilandele imigaqo-nkqubo yeRiphablikhi kunye noMthetho woLawulo loHlahlo lwabiwo-mali ka-1974. Kwakhona kwadala iikomiti zebhajethi yeC congressional kunye ne-Ofisi ye-Budget ye-Congressional.
I-1974 i-Watergate break-in-eroded faith of the government. Ngowe-1964, iipolyula zabonisa ukuba ama-75 ekhulwini aseMerika athembela amagosa akhethiweyo ukuba enze okulungileyo kwelizwe. Ngowe-1974, kuphela umntu wesithathu okholelwa njalo. Ukungabikho kokholo kukhokelela ekukhetheni kukaRonald Reagan ngo-1980. Yenza inkolelo yoluntu kwi -economics-down economy , leyo eyabangela ukwanda kokungalingani koqoqosho .
UGerald Ford (1974-1977)
UGerald Ford uzuze ifa lokumisa. Okokuqala wazama ukubetha umthamo wamanani kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wezemali. Waye wamkela le ngcamango yomrhumo womvuzo. Emva koko akuzange isebenze, wabuyela kwinkqubo kwaye wamkela imigaqo-nkqubo yokwandisa. Ngomnyaka we-1975, wabanika abakhokhi berhafu isaphulelo sepesenti ezili-10, kwandisa ukutsalwa okuqhelekileyo, kwaye kwongezwa i-30 yerhafu yelungu ngalinye lentsapho. Wongeza i-10 yeepesenti yeentlawulo zerhafu yotyalo-mali.
I-Ford nayo isayine ipakethe yokuchitha. Wacetyisela kwakhona amanyathelo okurhoxisa, kodwa ayidlulanga iCongress. Ngowe-1976, uqoqosho lwaluphelile. Yanceda ukuba i-Fed inciphise amaxabiso omdla. (Umthombo: "I-Ford Record Record ithembela yakhe," iWashington Post.)
Iipolisi zokwandisa zeFransi zongeze i-$ 224 zeebhiliyoni kwi-matyala. Kwakuyi-47 kwenyuka kweepesenti ukusuka kwi-$ 475 yezigidi zeebhilikhwe ekupheleni kwebhajethi yokugcina ye-Nixon, FY 1974.
URonald Reagan (ngo-1981-1989)
UReagan wabhekana nomnotho ogqithiseleyo ukusukela kwiNkxwaleko enkulu. Uqoqosho lwaxutywa kwi- stagflation . Reagan wathembisa ukunciphisa iindleko zikaRhulumente , irhafu kunye nomgaqo . Wabiza le migaqo-nkqubo yeRiphabliki yeReaganomics .
Esikhundleni sokunciphisa iindleko, wandisa uhlahlo lwabiwo-2.5 ngonyaka. Ngethuba lokuqala kunyaka wakhe, wanqumla iiprogram zekhaya nge $ 39 billion. Kodwa wandisa imali yokukhusela ukusuka kwi-$ 444 yezigidigidi ukuya kwii-580 zeebhiliyoni ekupheleni kwekota yokuqala, kunye ne-$ 524 yezigidigidi ekupheleni kwekota yakhe yesibili. Wazama ukuphumeza "uxolo ngamandla" xa wayechasene ne- communism kunye neSoviet Union. UReagan wandisa i-Medicare.
I-Reagan yentlawulo yerhafu yomvuzo ukusuka kuma-70 ekhulwini ukuya kuma-28 ekhulwini kwizinga eliphezulu lokuhlawula irhafu. Wanciphisa irhafu yerhafu yenkampani ukusuka kuma-48 ukuya kuma-34 ekhulwini. Izicucu zerhafu zaseReagan zisebenza ngenxa yokuba amaxabiso eerhafu ayephakame kakhulu ekuqaleni kwee-1980 ukuba babekulo "luhlu olwenqabelayo" kwiCard Curve . Kodwa uReagan ukwandisa irhafu yentlawulo ukuqinisekisa ukuhlaziywa koKhuselo loLuntu .
Endaweni yokunciphisa ityala, uReagan ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabini. Oko kwakunjalo nangomthetho we-Gramm-Rudman Reduction Act ka-1985, owabangela ukuchithwa kwezinto ngokuzenzekelayo. Wongeza i-$ 1.86 trillion, i-186 yeepesenti yokwanda ukusuka kwi-$ 998 yezigidi zeebhanti ekupheleni kwebhajethi yokugcina, ngo-1981.
Reagan imimiselo enciphise, kodwa yayisantya kunokuba ngaphantsi koMongameli uJimmy Carter. Wakhupha i-Nixon-time controls. Uphinde ususe imimiselo kwioli kunye negesi, umabonakude we-cable, inkonzo yefowuni ende, inkonzo yebhasi yangaphakathi kunye nokuthunyelwa kolwandle. Wanciphisa imimiselo yeebhanki nge-1982 Garn-St. I-Germain Depository Act. Ikhuphe imithintelo kwimilinganiselo yemali-mboleko kwixabiso leebhanki kunye neebhanki. Kodwa oko kukhokelela kwiCrisis Savings and Loan Crisis of 1989 .
Reagan kwandisa izithintelo zorhwebo. Waphindaphinda kabini inani lezinto ezixhomekeke kwi-trade restriction ukusuka kwi-12 ekhulwini ngo-1980 ukuya kuma-23 ekhulwini ngo-1988. Kodwa i- NAFTA .
Ukulwa nokunyuka kwamaxabiso eReagan uSihlalo we- Federal Reserve uPaul Volcker ukunciphisa imali yokunikezelwa kwemali . Wakhuphula isantya semali esondayo kuma-20 ekhulwini . Kwaphelisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, kodwa kwabangela ukunyuka kwemali. Yakha i-10.8 yepesenti yezinga lokungasebenzi , eliphezulu kunoma yiphina imali. Ukungasebenzi kwahlala ngaphezu kweepesenti ezili-10 malunga nonyaka.
UGeorge HW Bush (1989-1993)
UBush 41 uphankanywe ngokunciphisa ityala ngaphandle kokunyusa irhafu xa wathi, "Funda umlomo wam, akukho ntlawulo entsha." Kodwa uBush waqala ukujamelana noqoqosho lwe-1990-1991 obangelwa yiNgxaki yebhanki ye-S & L. Okumangalisayo kukuba, ukulungiswa phantsi kwe-Reagan Administration kwabangele ubunzima. Umlinganiselo wokungabikho kwemisebenzi wenyuka ngaphezu kwe-7.7 ekhulwini ngo-1992. (Umthombo: "Yilokho Uqoqosho oluye lwaba lixesha lokugqibela uMongameli akazange anqobe kwakhona ukhetho," iBusiness Insider, ngoJulayi 8, 2012.)
Uqoqosho lwama-1990 lwanciphisa imali. U Bush washaywa ngesinye isigqibo sexesha likaReagan, uMthetho we-Budam-Hollings-Equals Budget Act ka-1985. Kwakugunyazisa ukuchithwa kwemali ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali alufanelekanga. UB Bush akazange afune ukunqanda ukuKhuseleko loLuntu okanye ukukhusela. Ngenxa yoko, wavuma ukunyuswa kwentela ephakanyiswe yiCongress of Control-Democrat. Kwakubiza indleko yeqela lamaRiphablikhi xa egijima ukuze aphinde aphinde abuyele ngo-1992. (Umthombo: "iGrover Norquists 'Isifundo Sembali: UGeorge HW Bush,' Akukho Imirhumo emitsha, 'kunye noNyulo luka-1992, "IWashington Post, ngoNovemba 27, 2012.)
UBush wavutha iRephabhliki ngokunyusa imimiselo. Wayexhasa ama-American abakhubazekileyo uMthetho kunye noMthetho oHloniphekileyo woMthetho
Wayelandela i-post-Hoover yaseRiphablikhi yemigaqo-yorhwebo yeentengiso ngokuxoxisana ne-NAFTA kunye nesivumelwano sezorhwebo sase-Uruguay.
UBush naye walandela imigaqo-nkqubo ye-Republican defense-defense xa ephendula ukuhlasela kwe-Iraq yase-Kuwait ngo-1990 ngokusungula iMfazwe yokuqala yeGulf. Okudala ukunyuka kwamaxabiso amancinci njengamaxabiso egesi aphethwe. Waqalisa imfazwe yasePanama ukuba aphangwe jikelele uManuel Manuel Noriega. Wayesongela ukhuseleko lwePanama Canal kunye namaMerika ahlala apho. Kodwa wanciphisa imali yemali evela kwi-$ 523 yezigidigidi ngaphantsi koMongameli uReeagan ukuya kuma-435 billion kwi-budget yakhe yokugqibela. (Umthombo: "Ukubuyela Kuxanduva," I-Centre ye-American Progress, ngoJulayi 14, 2011.)
Imarike yemasheya, njengoko ilinganiswe yi-S & P 500, izuze ama-60 ekhulwini ngexesha layo. UBush wongeza i-$ 1.554 trillion, i-54 kwenyuka kwipesenti ezi-2.8 zama-trillion ekupheleni kwebhajethi yokugqibela kaReagan, ngo-1989.
UGeorge W. Bush (2001-2009)
UGeorge W. Bush wabhekana neengxaki ezininzi ngexesha lolawulo lwakhe. Waphendula ngo- 2001 ukuhlawulelwa kwemali kunye nesaphulelo serhafu ye- EGTRRA . Wenza umthetho we- JGTRRA weerhafu ukucima ukuqalisa ukuqesha ngo-2004. Ukuhlanganiswa kwentlawulo yaseBhus kwongeze i-$ 1.35 yezigidigidi ngaphezu kwexesha eli-10 ukuya kwetyala.
UBush wasabela ekuhlaselweni kwe-al-Qaida ngoSeptemba 11, 2001 kunye neMfazwe kwiSibetho . Waqala iMfazwe e- Afghanistan ukususa ingozi evela kwinkokheli ye-al-Qaida, u-Osama bin Laden. Wadala uMthetho woKhuseleko lwaseKhaya ukudibanisa ulwaphulo-mthetho ngo-2002. Wabe eseqalile iMfazwe yase - Iraq ngo-2003. Ingqikithi, uBush wasebenzisa i-$ 850 yezigidi kwiimfazwe ezimbini, ngelixa uwandisa imali kwiSebe lezoKhuseleko kunye neKhaya loKhuseleko elibiza imali eyi-807.5 yezigidigidi. Ukuhlawula iimfazwe ezimbini, ukunyuka kwemali yasemkhosini kwanyuka ukurekhoda amanqanaba e-$ 600- $ 800 billion ngonyaka.
UBush uya kulwa nomgaqo-nkqubo weRiphablikhi kunye nenkcitho yezempilo. Iprogram ye-Medicare Part D yesigqirha sesigqirha yongeze i-$ 550 yezigidigidi kwi-matyala. Akazange azame ukulawula imali ephakamileyo efunekayo yoKhuselo loLuntu kunye neMedare.
Ngo-2005, isiqhwithi uKatrina sabetha iNew Orleans. Kwabangela ukulimala kweebhiliyoni ezingama-200 zeebhiliyoni kunye nokukhula kancinci ukuya kwi-1.5 ekhulwini kwikota yesine. UBush wongeza i-$ 33 yezigidigidi kwi-FY yebhajethi ka-2006 ukunceda ekuhlambulukeni.
UBush uhlengahlengiswa noMthetho we-Prevention of Bankruptcy ka - 2005 . Ikhusele amabhizinisi ngokungenzi kube nzima ukuba abantu bangagqibekanga. Endaweni yoko, yaphoqelela abanini bezindlu ukuba bathathe ukulinganisa emakhaya abo ukuhlawula amatyala. Oku thumele i-mortgage imfazwe ye-14%. Banyanzelisa iintsapho ezingama-200 000 emakhaya abo ngonyaka emva kokugqitywa kwebhili. Uninzi lwetyala lwenziwa yindleko yononophelo lwezempilo, i- No.1 imbangela yokuchithwa kwebhanki . Okuye kwandisa intlekele ye- mortgage subprime . Ngonyaka ka-2008, uBush wathumela ukuhlawula isaphulelo sentela .
Impendulo kaBush kwiingxaki zemali zehlabathi ka - 2008 yayinobucwangciso-bulumko, kodwa ayihambisani nemigaqo-nkqubo yeRiphabhliki. Urhulumente wesigqeba uthathe i-arhente zentengiselwano ye-mortgage Fannie Mae noFreddie Mac . Kwaqhekeka umcimbi wokugcina i-Bear Sterns. Wazama kwaye wahluleka ukugcina uLehman Brothers abawa. UBush uvumele iiphakheji zokuxhaswa kweebhiliyoni ezingama-700 zama- bhanki ukukhusela inkqubo yasebhanki yase-US yokuwa . AmaRiphabhliki kwiCongress ayengavumelani okokuqala, kodwa ekugqibeleni ahamba kunye nelo lingenelelo likarhulumente.
Endaweni yokunciphisa ityala, uBush ngaphezu kokuphindaphinda kabini. Wongeza i-$ 5.849 trillion, isixa-sibini esikhulu salo nawuphi na umongameli. Oku kungaphezulu kwe $ 5.8 trillion kwaba ngasekupheleni kwe-FY 2001, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lukaMongameli uClinton.
UDonald Trump (2017-2021)
Isicwangciso soqoqosho seDonald Trump salandele imigaqo-nkqubo yaseRiphabliki ngaphandle kwezorhwebo nokufuduka. Impembelelo yakhe ayiyikumiselwa.
I-Trump yaqhuba ukulungiswa kwemithetho kunye nomyalelo olawulayo. Wathembisa ukukhulula imimiselo yeDodd-Frank ekhusela amabhanki ekubolekeni amashishini amancinci. Wavumela ukwakha i-Keystone XL ne-Dakota Access ipipeline. Wayefuna ukugcina umvuzo omncinci apho kukho iinkampani zase-US ezinokukhuphisana.
Uthembisa ukunyusa iindleko zokukhusela nge $ 54 billion. Wathembisa ukuba uya kuhlawula ngokucutshwa kwamanye amasebe. Uya kuxhasa imali eyi-1 trillion ukuvuselela izakhiwo zase-US ngokubambisana noluntu / abucala. Ukufumana okunye, khangela i- Trump Can Bring Back Jobs eMelika?
Isicwangciso sokunakekelwa kwempilo yeTrump ukuba sithathe indawo ye- Obamacare ixhomekeke kwizikripthi zerhafu ezinxulumene neminyaka. Yayifuna ukuqeda irhafu yeNtlawulo yeNtlonipho kunye nezigunyaziso zayo ezifuna ukuba abantu bathenge i-inshorensi. Kodwa yahluleka ngo-Matshi 24, 2017, xa kwakungekho iivoti zeRiphabhlikhi ezaneleyo zokudlula iNdlu.
Isicwangciso serhafu sentonga sinciphisa ingeniso kunye neerhafu zerhafu. Wathembisa ukuphelisa isigwebo somtshato, iNkcitho encinci yeNkcitho encinci , kunye nerhafu yefa.
Kodwa ezinye iinkqubo zerhafu zazingabonakali. I-Trump yalungiselela ukuphelisa ukuhlawulwa kwentela kwi-$ 5 trillion kwimali yenkampani ebanjwe phesheya. Uya kuvumela ukuhlaziywa kwexesha elilodwa kwerhafu kwi-10 ekhulwini. Wathembisa ukuba uza kususa "inzala ethintekayo".
Imigaqo ye-Trump yokufudukela kwamanye amazwe yayingenaso-shishino. Wazama ukunqanda abahlali bamazwe amathandathu ukuba bangene eMelika. Lawo mazwe yiSiriya, i- Iran , iLibya, iSomalia, iSudan neYemen. Inkqubo yokugweba ivimbela ukuvalwa ngenxa yokuba yayingekho mthethweni.
I-Trump ithembisa ukusebenzisa i-$ 20 yezigidigidi ukwakha udonga ukuvimbela abafuduki baseMexico bezama ukungena eMelika ngokungekho mthethweni. Waqala ukugxotha nawuphi na umfuduki e-United States ngokungekho mthethweni ukuba wayenokrekhodi lobugebengu. Iinkampani ezixinekileyo ezixinzekileyo eSilicon Valley ezixhomekeke kubafuduki bezo zizwe phakathi kwabanye. Ezinye izenzo ziza kuphakamisa iindleko zamashishini axhomekeke kwiindleko eziphantsi.
AmaRiphabhulikhi ngokuqhelekileyo axhasa izivumelwano zorhwebo zamahhala . Kunoko, iTump ikhuthaza ukukhuselwa . Watshitshisa ukwandisa iintlawulo kwiintengiso ezivela eChina naseMexico. Wabuya kwiingxoxo kwi- Trans-Pacific Partnership . Wathembisa kwakhona ukuhlaziya i- NAFTA ukuba iMexico ayizange iphele inkqubo ye-maquiladora. Kodwa le nkqubo inceda iinkampani zase-US. Nantsi into eyenzekayo Ukuba i-Trump ilahla i-NAFTA .
I-Trump ithembise ukunciphisa ityala ekujoliswe kuyo ekupheliseni inkunkuma kunye nokuhlengahlengiswa kwemali . Kodwa kunoko, icebo lokunciphisa amatyala liza kubongeza i-$ 5.3 trillion .
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, jonga indlela abaMongameli beMademokhrasi abachaphazela ngayo uqoqosho .