Izizathu zokungalingani kwemali
Isityebi saba negalelo ngokubuyiselwa kweengxaki zemali ka-2008. Ngonyaka ka-2012, iipesenti ezili-10 eziphezulu zabamkeli ziye zafika kwikhaya lama-50 yazo yonke ingeniso. Leyo ipesenti ephezulu kwiminyaka eyi-100 edlulileyo.
Ipesenti ephezulu 1 yafika ekhaya iipesenti ezingama-20 zengeniso, ngokucwaninga ngo-economics uEmmanuel Saez noTomas Piketty.
Ingeniso yokungalingani
Ukususela ngo-2000 ukuya ku-2006, inani lamaMerika ahlala kwintlupheko landa i-15 ekhulwini. Ngo-2006, phantse abasebenzi abayizigidi ezingama-33 bafumana ngaphantsi kweedola ezili-10 ngeyure. Ingeniso yabo yonyaka ingaphantsi kwamaRandi 20,614. Oku kungezantsi kwinqanaba lentlupheko kwiintsapho ezine. Uninzi lwabaqeshwa abaphantsi-mali abafumana i- inshorensi yezempilo , iintsuku ezigulayo okanye izicwangciso zempesheni ukusuka kubaqeshi babo. Oko kuthetha ukuba abakwazi ukugula kwaye abanalo ithemba lokuthatha umhlalaphantsi.
Ngethuba elifanayo, umvuzo omyinge wawuhlala uphethile. Oku kungakhathaliseki ukwanda kwenani lomsebenzi we-15 ekhulwini. Iingeniso zorhwebo zanda iipesenti ezingama-13 ngonyaka , ngokutsho kwe "Big Big Squeeze" nguSteven Greenhouse.
Phakathi kowe-1979 no-2007, ingeniso yomzi yanda i-275 ekhulwini kwiimali eziphambili kweepesenti ezi-1. Kwaphakama ama-65 ekhulwini kwi-5 yesihlanu.
Umgangatho wesihlanu wenyuka ukwanda kweepesenti ezingama-18. Kuyinyaniso nangemva kokuba "ulwabiwo-mali". Ngamanye amagama, ukususa zonke iirhafu, kunye nokongeza yonke ingeniso kwi- Social Security , inhlalakahle kunye nezinye iintlawulo.
Ekubeni isityebi safika ngokukhawuleza, isiqwenga sawo sakhula. Iipesenti ezili-1 ezona zizityebi zandisa isabelo sabo semali engenayo ngama-10 ekhulwini.
Wonke umntu wabona i-pie yayo iyancipha ngamaphesenti 1-2. Nangona imali engenayo iya kubaphuculweyo, yawa emva koko xa kuthelekiswa nezona zicebileyo. Ngenxa yoko, ukuhamba kwezoqoqosho kuqhubeka kakhulu.
Umthetho we- Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform ufuna ukuba iinkampani zichaze umvuzo womqeshwa. Injongo yalo kukunceda abanini-nxaxheba ukuba baqonde kangcono imirhumo yokubuyiswa komsebenzi xa kuthelekiswa nomvuzo womqeshwa oqhelekileyo. Ukungafani okukhulu kunokuba iMarathon Petroleum. I-CEO yayo yenza iRandi 19.7 yezigidi, amaxesha angama-935 ahlawulwa ngumvuzo wabasebenzi base-median ama-21,034. I-CEO ye-Whirlpool yenza i-$ 7.1 yezigidi, amaxesha angama-356 ahlawulwa ngumvuzo womsebenzi we-19,906. Umqeshwa olinganiselweyo we-Honeywell uhlawula i $ 50,000. I-CEO yayo yenza i $ 16.8 yezigidi, okanye amaxesha angama-333.
Yiyiphi i-Blame
Ukungalingani kwemali kuthiwa kubasebenzi abancinci eChina , amazinga okutshintshisana okungekho mthethweni, kunye nokukhishwa kwemisebenzi. Amaqumrhu adla ngokusoloko athiwa abeka inzuzo phambi kwabasebenzi. Kodwa kufuneka bahlale bekhuphisana. Iinkampani zase-US kufuneka zincintisane namaqumrhu asezantsi aseTshayina naseNdiya ahlawula abasebenzi bawo ngaphantsi. Ngenxa yoko, ezininzi iinkampani ziye zagqithisa imisebenzi yazo ephezulu kunye nokuvelisa ngaphesheya. I-US ilahlekelwe ngamaphesenti angama-20 emisebenzi yayo yombane ukususela ngo-2000.
Le yimi sebenzi yamanyano ephezulu. Imisebenzi yesevisi iye yanda, kodwa ezi ziphantsi kakhulu.
Ngeeminyaka yama-1990, iinkampani zenza uluntu ukuba lufumane imali engakumbi yokutyalomali ekukhuleni. Abaphathi kufuneka bavelise iirhafu ezinamathuba amaninzi ukukholisa abagciniweyo. Kwiinkoliso ezininzi, umvuzo weyona nto ibalulekileyo kumgca webhajethi. Ukuhlaziya kwakhona kuye kwaholela ekwenzeni okungakumbi nabasebenzi abesithuba esipheleleyo. Kwakhona kubhekisela ekuqesheni isivumelwano kunye nabasebenzi bexeshana. Abafuduki , abaninzi kwilizwe ngokungekho mthethweni, bazalise izikhundla ezingaphezulu ezihlawulelwayo. Banobuchule obuncinane bokufumana umvuzo ophezulu.
UWal-Mart ngumqeshi omkhulu wesizwe, kwi-1.4 yezigidi. Ngelishwa, libeke imigangatho emitsha yokunciphisa umvuzo kunye neenzuzo zabasebenzi. Abakhuphisanayo kufuneka balandele i-suit ukuze banikeze "amaxabiso aphantsi".
Imigaqo-karhulumente yerhafu yexesha lwakutsha sele incede abatyali-mali abangaphezulu kwamavuzo aphantsi.
Utywala lubonisa uphando olungqongqo kwimibambano yabasebenzi.
Umvuzo omncinci wase-US uhlale kwi $ 5.15 ngeyure de kube ngu-2007. Emva kweminyaka elishumi, kwavela kuphela i-$ 7 ngeyure.
I-teknoloji, kungekhona ihlabathi, inondla ukungalingani kwengeniso. Kuye kwathatha indawo yabasebenzi abaninzi kwimisebenzi yemveliso. Abo baqeqeshelwa iteknoloji bangafumana imisebenzi ephezulu ehlawulwayo.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i- Federal Reserve ifanelwe enye ityala. Iirhafu ezithintekayo ezibhalwe phantsi zifanele ukuba zenze iimakethe zendlu, okwenza amakhaya afikeleleke. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso lezindlu liye lagqitywa kwiminyaka yamuva. Umyinge waseMelika akasenayo imali engenayo yokuthenga ikhaya. Oku kunjalo ngokukodwa kubantu abancinci abenza imimiselo emitsha. Ngaphandle kwemisebenzi emihle, bahlala behlala ekhaya okanye nabahlala nabo.
Ngokugcina ixabiso leNondyebo elingaphantsi, iFed yakha ibhola ye-asethi kwiimpahla. Oku kuncedisa ama-10 eepesenti eziphezulu, abanama-91 ekhulwini kwezobutyebi kwimigodi kunye nezibophelelo. Abanye abatyali-mali baye bathenga iimpahla , ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okutya kuma-40 ekhulwini ukususela ngo-2009. Oku kubiza "i-bottom" engama-90 ekhulwini, abachitha ipesenti enkulu yokufumana imali yabo yokutya.
Thatha i-Global Perspective
Uninzi lwezinto ezibangela ukungalingani kwemali e-US lunokulandelwa ekutshintshelweni koqoqosho kwihlabathi. Iimarike ezikhulayo iimali zanda. Amazwe afana neChina, iBrazil, ne- Indiya , aya kuba nokukhuphisana ngakumbi kwimarike yomhlaba wonke. Kungenxa yokuba imisebenzi yabo iya kuba ngakumbi abanezakhono. Kwakhona, iinkokeli zabo ziba zixakeke ngakumbi ekulawuleni ezoqoqosho. Ngenxa yoko, ubutyebi buya ku-United States nakwamanye amazwe athuthukileyo.
Olu tshintsho lukuncipha ukungalingani kweengeniso jikelele . Ipesenti ezili-1 zezona zizonke zehlabathi zinama-40 ekhulwini lobutyebi bayo. Abantu baseMerika banamaphesenti ama-25 aloo butyebi. Kodwa i-China inama-22 ekhulwini labemi behlabathi kunye neepesenti ezingama-8.8 zobutyebi bayo. I-Indiya ine-15 pesenti yabemi bayo kunye ne-4 ekhulwini yobutyebi bayo. (Umthombo: "Ukulinganisa iNqanaba kunye nokuSasazwa kweMpahla yaseMhlabeni jikelele," i-World Institute for Development Research, ngoNovemba 2007.)
Njengoko amanye amazwe aphuhliswa ngakumbi, ubutyebi babo buphuma. Bawususa eMelika, i-EU kunye neJapan . E-Melika, ubuncinci buthwala ubunzima.
Kukho Isixazululo
Ukuzama ukukhusela iinkampani zase-US ekugqithisweni kwezinto aziyi kusebenza. Ubagweba ngenxa yokuphendula ulwabiwo-mali lwamazwe ngamazwe. Akukho mgaqo-nkqubo wezorhwebo okanye iindonga zokukhusela abafuduki ukungena ngokungekho mthethweni.
I-United States kufuneka yamkele ukuba ulwabiwo-mali lobutyebi behlabathi lonke lwenzeka. Abo bangaphezulu kwesihlanu kwi-bracket yase-US kufuneka baqaphele ukuba abo baphantsi kwembini-ntlanu abakwazi ukunyamezela ngonaphakade. Urhulumente kufuneka anikezele ukufikelela kokubini kwiminyaka emihlanu-kwimfundo kunye noqeqesho lwengqesho. Kuya kuba sisisombululo esingcono kunokunyusa iinzuzo zezenhlalakahle okanye ukubonelela ngemali engenayo yonke .
Iyakwazi ukuphakamisa irhafu kwi-5 yesihlanu ukuyihlawula. Kufuneka wenzele utshintsho ngoku ngoku, ukuze utshintsho lube lugqithise kwaye lunempilo kuqoqosho jikelele.