Indlela yokufikelela phambili e-USA
Ibhloko elikhulu ekuhambeni liyakwandisa ukungalingani kwengeniso. Kodwa uhlanga luba negalelo elikhulu, elichaphazela abantu abamnyama kakhulu.
Ngenxa yoko, iUnited States inezinga eliphantsi lokuhamba kwezoqoqosho kunamanye amazwe athuthukileyo.
Ukulinganisa
Ukuhamba kubala kubalwa ngokusebenzisa imali, inzuzo okanye ubutyebi. Umlinganiselo osetyenziswayo uya kunika iziphumo ezahlukeneyo. Imivuzo ingumvuzo kunye nemivuzo evela kwimisebenzi ehlawulwayo kunye namashishini, kuquka iifama. Ingeniso ingeniso kwimithombo yonke phambi kweerhafu kodwa emva kokutshintshwa. Iquka umvuzo kunye neendawo zokuhlala, iinkqubo zikaRhulumente, ezifana noKhuselo loLuntu, kunye ne ngeniso evela kutyalo-mali. Ubutyebi buyimfuneko yendlu.
I- Federal Reserve Bank yaseMinneapolis yafumanisa ukuba iminyaka yobudala yayiyiyona ndlela ehamba phambili yokuhamba kuyo yonke imilinganiselo. Njengabantu abaneminyaka yobudala, bafumana imisebenzi engcono kwaye banomgangatho ophezulu. Kodwa abantu asebekhulile abahlala umhlalaphantsi banemali ephantsi, nangona banokuba nobutyebi obuphezulu.
Ukuhamba kubuye kwalinganiswa ngexesha. Olunye uphando lubheka kwi-intergenerational, okanye nokuba abantwana banemali ephezulu kunezo zabazali.
Abanye babecinga nje ngokubalulekayo, okanye ukuba umntu angaphi ixesha lokuphila.
Emva koko kukho ukuhamba ngokuthe tye, yintoni na ukuba abantwana banokudlula imali yabo yabazali kwixesha elifanayo. Ukuhambelana nokuhambelana kufana nomnye kwabanye. Kungaba kubangaphandle, iintlanga ezahlukeneyo, okanye abafazi.
Iindlela
Uphando lubonisa ukuba ulungelelaniso olulodwa oluphezulu lwemali engenayo yinqanaba lemfundo yabazali bomntu.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Fed kubonisa ukuba ingeniso, ukufumana imali kunye nobutyebi banda ngamanqanaba emfundo. Kwakhona kwafumanisa ukuba abaphumelele kwiikholeji babenobuncwane buninzi befaniswa neengeniso kunezo ezingenakho iikholeji. Baye bakwazi ukugcina kunye nokutshala imali eminye yemali yabo.
- Ngo-2017, ama-829 ekhulwini labantu abadala baseMelika babephethe imfundo yesikolo kuphela. Ngokomyinge, bafumana i-$ 712 ngeveki. Abo bangenayo i-degree ephakamileyo yesikolo kuphela bafumana i-$ 520 ngeveki. Elinye iipesenti ezili-10 linesidanga esinobudlelwane. Bafumana i-$ 836 ngeveki.
- Amaphesenti angama-21 kunye negraduli yekholeji yafumana i-1,173 yeeveki ngeveki.
- Amaphesenti angama-9 kuphela ayenayo i-Master, athola i-$ 1,401 ngeveki. Kwabambalwa, iipesenti ezi-1, zineziqinisekiso ezizodwa, njengogqirha okanye igqwetha. Bafumana i-$ 1,836 ngeveki. Iipesenti ezi-2 zoluntu ezaziyi-Ph.D zafumana i-$ 1,743 ngeveki.
Iindleko ezikhulayo zemfundo yenza loo ndlela ilukhuni ngakumbi kulabo bahlala kwiintsapho eziphantsi. Endaweni yendlela, ibonakala njengebhokisi.
Iqela elihamba phambili kwezoqoqosho lingabafazi abangatshatanga nabantwana. Kwakhona banokuthi babe neengxaki zemali.
Iibhloko
Phakathi kowe-1979 no-2007, ukungalingani kwemali kutshabalalisa ukuhamba koqoqosho lwaseMerika.
Izikhala phakathi kwezityebi kunye namahlwempu ziye zakhula. Ingeniso yezindlu yenyuka i-275 ekhulwini kwiimali ezili-1 zezindlu. Kwaphakama ama-65 ekhulwini kwi-5 yesihlanu. Umgangatho wesihlanu wenyuka ukwanda kweepesenti ezingama-18. Kuyinyaniso nangemva kokuba "ulwabiwo-mali". Ngamanye amagama, ukukhupha zonke iirhafu, kunye nokongeza yonke ingeniso kwi- Social Security , inhlalakahle kunye nezinye iintlawulo.
Ekubeni isityebi safika ngokukhawuleza, isiqwenga sawo sakhula. Ipesenti ezili-1 elichumayo zandisa isabelo sabo semali engenayo ngama-10 ekhulwini. Wonke umntu wabona i-pie yayo iyancipha ngamaphesenti 1-2. Ngamanye amazwi, nangona imali engenayo iya kuphuculweyo, yawa emva koko xa kuthelekiswa nezona zicebile.
Inkxalabo yemali ka-2008 yandisa ngakumbi isithuba. Isityebi sazuza ngokubuyisa. Ngonyaka ka-2012, iipesenti ezili-10 eziphezulu zabamkeli ziye zafika kwikhaya lama-50 yazo yonke ingeniso.
Leyo ipesenti ephezulu kwiminyaka eyi-100 edlulileyo. Ipesenti ephezulu 1 yafika ekhaya iipesenti ezingama-20 zengeniso, ngokucwaninga ngo-economics uEmmanuel Saez noTomas Piketty.
Uhlanga ludlala indima. Abantu abamnyama nabemi baseMerika kwimindeni engenayo engenako imali banokulahlekelwa yimo yabo kuneCaucasians, Hispanics, okanye ama-Asia aseMerika, ngokufunda ngo-2018. "I- Race and Opportunity Opportunity e-United States: I-Persistential Perspective " yajonga ukungafani kobuhlanga kwimali engenayo ukusuka ngo-1989 ukuya ku-2015.
Abantwana abamhlophe abazali babo abangaphezulu kwesihlanu kwenkxaso-mali yokufumana inzuzo banamathuba angama-41.1 ekhulwini lokuhlala apho njengabantu abadala; Abantwana baseSpeyin, izinga lilingama-30.6 ekhulwini, kunye nabantwana base-Asia nabamaMerika, ama-49.9 ekhulwini.
Kodwa kubantwana abamnyama, ngama-18 kuphela, kunye ne-American Indian abantwana abangama-23 kuphela. Baye banamathuba afanayo okuwa phantsi kweyesihlanu ye-intlawulo yesabelo sokuhlala kwisihlanu esiphezulu.
Ngokuchaseneyo, ukunyuka okuphezulu kwabantwana abazalelwe kwisiqingatha esiphantsi kokusasazwa ngokugqithiseleyo phakathi kwabamhlophe kunabantwana abamnyama okanye baseMerika. Phakathi kwabantwana abakhulile kwisihlanu esiphantsi kokusasazwa, i-10.6 pesenti yabamhlophe bayenza ibe yintlanu yesihlanu yemali yomzi ngokwabo, njengama-25.5 ekhulwini lama-Asiya aseMerika. Ngokwahlukileyo, kuphela iipesenti ezi-7.1 zabantwana baseSpanishi ezizalwe kwisibini esezantsi ziyenza ibe sisihlanu esiphezulu, kunye ne-3.3 ekhulwini labantwana baseMerika baseNdiya kunye neepesenti ezingama-2.5 zabantwana abamnyama.
Ukungonakali kukubetha kakhulu phakathi kwamadoda. Amadoda amnyama azalwe kwiintsapho kwi-75th percentile yomoya wokusasazwa ngenzuzo, ngokuqhelekileyo, ama-percenti angama-12 angaphantsi kwamadoda amhlophe azalwe kwiintsapho ezizinzileyo. Abafazi abamnyama nabaseCaucasia banamathuba amaninzi kunokuba amadoda ahlale kwiholo lokufumana imali abazalelwe kuyo. Kodwa abafazi beentlanga zombini bafumana ngaphantsi kwamadoda.
Njengomphumo wazo zonke iibhloko, abaninzi baseMelika abanqweneli ukufikelela phambili. Kwisifundo se-2017, ama-85 ekhulwini kwabaphenduli abaninzi bakhathazekile ngokuwa emva. Phantse ama-40 ekhulwini abo bahloliswanga banako ukufumana imali engxamisekileyo ye-$ 500. Kwakudingeka bahambe kubahlobo okanye kwintsapho ukufihla ibhilikhi engalindelekanga ukuba ubungakanani. Isizathu esinye sesigama sekota sabasebenzi baseMerika benza ngaphantsi kweedola ezili-10 ngeyure. Bahlala ngaphantsi kwinqanaba lehlwempu . Ukugxininiswa kwabo kwixesha elifutshane lokuphila kwezemali kubavimbela ekusukelweni kwexesha elide.
I-United States Ithelekiswa namanye amazwe
I-United States inexabiso eliphantsi lokuhamba kwemali kunamanye amazwe athuthukileyo. Amerika amanqaku angaphantsi kweFransi, eJamani, eSweden, eCanada, eFinland, eNorway naseDenmark. Abaphandi baphetha ngelithi imbono yaseMelika njengelungelo lomhlaba lalingekho phantsi.
Ingcali yezobuhlanga uRichard Wilkins uthi, "ukuba amaMerika afuna ukuhlala ephupheni laseMelika, kufuneka ahambe eDenmark." (Imithombo: UJo Blanden, uPaul Gregg noStephen Machin, "Ukuhamba kweeNkcubeko kwiYurophu naseMntla Melika," ngo-Ephreli 2005. "Indlela ukungalingani koqoqosho ukungcolisa uMbutho," i-TED Talks, ngoJulayi 2011.)
Ukuhamba kunye ne-American Dream
Isigaba esiphakathi saseMerika sinomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wokuba ungene eklasini eliphezulu. Kodwa kunzima ukuhamba yonke indlela ukusuka kwihlwempu ukuya kwisityebi. Uphando lubonise ukuba kukho ukuhamba okungaphantsi kwamazwe amaninzi kunokuba abaninzi baseMerika bakholelwa. Oku kuhambelana nokuthi "Ukuhamba phambili okanye ukulahlekelwa phantsi: Ukuhamba koqoqosho eMelika," ngoRon Haskins, uJulia Isaacs no-Isabel Sawhill.
Ngenxa yoko, ingcamango ye-rags-to-wealth in the generation isisona siphumo se- American Dream . I-American Dream yilungele ukuba urhulumente kufuneka akhusele ithuba lomntu ngamnye lokulandela iinjongo zakhe zokonwaba. AbaBawo abaQalayo basebenze kuMgaqo-siseko.
Bafaka umgaqo wokuguqulwa komnqweno wokuba umnqweno womntu ngamnye afune ukufumana ulonwabo akukuphela nje ukuzinyanya. Yayinxalenye yento eyenza iinjongo kunye nobuchule. Ngokukhusela ngokomthetho ezi zithethe, badala uluntu olubatsala abo bafuna ubomi obungcono. Kodwa ukunciphisa ukuhamba kwezoqoqosho kusongela loo phupha.