Kutheni Usebenza Kanzima Kodwa Uvakalelwa Njengawe Ufumana Uncinci
Amashishini ahlalutya umveliso kwiinkqubo, ukuvelisa kunye nokuthengisa ukuphucula umgca. Oorhulumente basebenzisa amanyathelo okuvelisa ukuvelisa ukuba imigaqo, irhafu kunye neminye imigaqo-nkqubo iyanda okanye ikhubaza ukukhula kwezoshishino.
Iibhanki eziphambili zihlalutya umveliso ukuze zibone indlela uqoqosho olusebenzisa ngayo amandla ngokupheleleyo. Ukuba umkhiqizo uphantsi, ngokoqoqosho luya kumnotho. Ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kukuphakamileyo, ngokoqoqosho luya kuba yingozi yokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, ukukhula komkhiqizo kuyakufunwa. (Umthombo: " Ukuchaza nokuvelisa iMveliso ," i-OECD.)
Indlela yokubala uMveliso
Umkhiqizo ngumlinganiselo ochaza imveliso ehlukaniswe yipembelelo, okanye i- Productivity = I-Output / Input . Unokwandisa umkhiqizo ngokunyuka kwiphumo okanye ukunciphisa igalelo.
Umlinganiselo oqhelekileyo osetyenziswayo ulinganisa umkhiqizo wabasebenzi kwilizwe. Kubalwa njenge- Productivity Productivity = Imveliso yeHlabathi yeHlabathi / iiHora esebenza. I-Bureau of Labor Statistics iyimilinganiselo yeeyure ezisebenziswe ngabasebenzi, abanini-mhlaba kunye nabasebenzi beentsapho abangakhokhelwa. Kwakhona isebenzisa isalathisi se-GDP kunye neeyure ezisebenzayo. (Umthombo: i-BLS, iNgcaciso yobuGcisa malunga neMilinganiselo yoPhuhliso lwezabasebenzi, ngoMatshi 11, 2008)
Ngomnyaka we-1994, uPoint Krugman onokuwina umvuzo weNobel wasishwankathela iingcamango ezininzi zezoqoqosho malunga nokubaluleka komlinganiselo osemgangathweni wokuvelisa:
Imveliso ayikho yonke into, kodwa ekugqibeleni iphantse yonke into. Ubuchule belizwe lokuphucula umgangatho walo wokuphila emva kwexesha kuxhomekeke phantse ngokukwazi ukuphakamisa umphumo ngamnye kumsebenzi. Umda Wokunciphisa Ukulindela
Imveliso Yomsebenzi waseMelika
Imveliso yayinamandla kwiMfazwe yombutho kude kube ngu-1973, umlinganiselo phakathi kweepesenti ezi-2 ukuya kuma-3 ekhulwini. Kukho iintlobo ezintathu zokukhula.
Phakathi kowe-1870 no-1900, ukuveliswa kwemveliso ephakathi kwanda i-2 ekhulwini ngonyaka. Oku kungenxa yokulinda kwexesha lokuphila elivumela abasebenzi ukuba baphile ixesha elide. I-teknoloji, njengemigwaqo yesitimela, i-telegraphi kunye nenjini engumlilo, yangokunceda abasebenzi bavelise ngaphezulu.
Ngexesha le-1920 neye-1930, umkhiqizo wanda u-2 ukuya kuma-3 ekhulwini ngonyaka. Ulungiso olwenziwe kwi-generation generation, iinjinjini zangaphakathi zomlilo kunye nocingo. Kwakukho iimveliso zepetrochemicals ezintsha, kubandakanywa izichumiso kwezolimo, amaplastiki kunye namayeza. Ngama-1920, iimveliso zentengo ekuveliseni ama-5 ekhulwini ngonyaka.
Phakathi kowe-1940 no-1973, ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwaqhubeka. Uphuhliso lwemveliso lwaluyi-1.5 ekhulwini ukuya kwi-2 ekhulwini ngonyaka njengezinto ezintsha ezazisasazeka kulo lonke ilizwe. Ngokuchasene nombono oqhelekileyo, umzamo weMfazwe Yehlabathi II awuphuculanga umkhiqizo kunoma yintoni ngaphandle kokunyangwa kwonyango.
Uphuhliso luye lwaye lwaba ludluli kude kube ngu-1995 ukuya ku-2004 (Umthombo: "I- Total Factor Productivity Growth in Persistective Perspective ," I-Ofisi yeBhanjethi yeCongress, ngoMatshi 2013.)
Ukususela ngo-2007 ukuya ku-2012, ukuveliswa kweepesenti ezi-1.8 kwipesenti, njengabasebenzi abangazange baqeshwe ngexesha lokunciphisa umnotho kufuneka bavelise ngaphezulu. (Umthombo: "Umkhiqizo kwiNkampani yeZibonelelo zeFama, 1947 - 2012," i-Bureau of Labor Statistics.)
Imveliso kwikota yesibini ka-2016 nge-0.5 yepesenti ngonyaka. Kungenxa yokuba ukuveliswa kwenyuka kweepesenti eziyi-1.5, kodwa iiyure zasebenza zaphakama iipesenti eziyi-1.8 Oku kungenxa yokunciphisa ukuveliswa kweoli, ngakumbi ioli ye-shale. Njengoko amaxabiso awela ngo-2015 kunye no-2016, iinkampani zalahla abasebenzi. Ewehlise umkhiqizo jikelele ngenxa yokuba icandelo liphantse eliphindwe kabini nangesiqingatha ngakumbi kunomsebenzi oqhelekileyo. Okokutsho ngo-Apreli 2016 isifundo esivela kwi-Federal Reserve Bank yaseKansas City. (Umthombo: "Kutheni Ukuveliswa Kwemveliso?" I-Wall Street Journal, ngo-Agasti 9, 2016. "Umkhiqizo," iBusiness Labor Statistics .)
Ingeniso ayifuni
Kukho into eyenzeka kwimveliso eMelika eyayiyikhulula kwimimiselo yokuphila. Inkxalabo yezemali ka-2008 yandisa le ndlela. Phakathi kuka-2000 no-2012, umyinge wekhaya ulahlekelwe ngamaphesenti angama-6.6 kwimali engenayo emva kokunyuka kwexabiso lentengo. Ingeniso yomyinge yomyinge ephakathi kwaba ngu-51,371 ngonyaka ngonyaka ka-2012, xa kuthelekiswa nama-55,030 ayi-2000 ngo-2000. Isebe lezeMisebenzi libike ukuba umvuzo wangempela wenyuka u-0.3 ekhulwini ngo-2013 . (Umthombo: "Ingxelo Yomsebenzi Wemveliso," I-Fargo, Q3 2013. "Ingxelo Yenzuzo Yenene," BLS.)
Njengoko ukuveliswa kwandisiwe akuzange kuguqulele ukunyuka okulinganayo kwimilinganiselo yokuphila yabasebenzi. Endaweni yoko, iya kubaphathi benkunzi. Iingeniso zentsebenziswano zifikelele kwixesha lonke eliphambili ngo-2013. Ziyi-12.53 ekhulwini ze-GDP ukusuka kuma-7 ekhulwini ngo-2000. Oko kuthetha ukuba iinkampani zithole isahlulo esikhulu semveliso, ngelixa abasebenzi befumana isincinane encinci. Ukufumana okungakumbi, jonga Imali yokungalingani eMelika . (Umthombo: "IiNzuzo zeNkcazo kwiNkqantosi yonke," u-Econo, ngo-Septemba 26, 2013.)
Ndiyabulela iiRobots kunye nabasebenzi basezizweni
Esinye isizathu sokuba umvuzo ungakhange uvuke ngenxa yokuba umkhiqizo ophezulu awusayi kubangela imisebenzi emininzi, njengoko yenzayo ukufika ngo-2000. Oku kubanyanzelwe abasebenzi ukuba bamkele umvuzo ophantsi ukugcina imisebenzi yabo.
Esinye isizathu salo nxaxheba ekunyuseni okwenyukayo kwiinkampani kunye namashishini enkonzo. Abalobi baye bathatyathwa yiikhompyutheni, abaxhasi bebhanki ngama-ATM, kunye nabagcini-zixhobo nge-software. Imisebenzi ekhulayo ngokukhawuleza ngoku i-software yobunjineli kunye nenkxaso yekhompyutha. Kumafektri, iirobhothi zatshintshile abasebenzi, njengama-robot angu-320 000 athengiwe ukususela ngo-2011. (Umthombo: "Yeka indlela iTeknoloji eLawula ngayo imisebenzi," i-MIT Technology Review, ngoJuni 19, 2013.)
Ukuqhubela phambili abasebenzi baseMerika ukuba bamkele umvuzo ophantsi, okanye bajonge loo misebenzi baye kwabasebenzi bangaphandle. Oku kukhokelela kumgangatho ophantsi we-US wokuphila njengemvuzo elinganayo. Ukongeza, abasebenzi base-United States baye bancintisana kakhulu, bongeza kwiingcinezelo zokufumana umvuzo ophantsi. Khangela i- US Ilahlekelwa yi-Edge yayo yoMncintiswano .
I-China , iNdiya kunye namanye amazwe amaninzi athengisa iimvelisoke akwazi ukuvelisa izinto ngokungabizi ngokuhlawula umvuzo ophantsi. Kungenxa yokuba i-China inomgangatho ophantsi wokuphila, oko kuthetha ukuba izinto zithengwa ngaphantsi, ngoko ke iinkampani zinokuhlawula ngaphantsi. Jonga iParchasing Power Parity .
Ngenxa yoko, iinkampani zase-US zinokunikela kuphela umvuzo ophantsi kwabasebenzi base-US ukuba bafuna ukukhuphisana nala ma nkampani. Ukuba iinkampani zase-US azikwazi ukufumana umvuzo ophantsi, abasebenzi abanezakhono e-United States, kufuneka bavelise le misebenzi phesheya okanye baphume kwishishini.