Ngubani Ofihla Izigidi zeengqayi zeoli kwi-US Cavern Caverns?
ISicwangciso esiPhambili sePetroleum Reserve yinkxalabo yeoli. Isebe le-Amandla lase-United States lilondoloza ukuba lisetyenziswe kwiinkathazo. Kuthatha nje iintsuku ezili-13 ukuba ioli ifake kwikarhwebo yase-US ukususela ngexesha umongameli eqala ukunika umyalelo. I-SPR yenziwe ngowe-1973 ngokuphendula kwi- OPEC ye-oil embargo . Abanye kwiCongress imibuzo ukuba isabalulekile.
Iindawo ezine ezine-cavern zaselwandle eziselunxwemeni lweGulf yaseMexico zigcina ioli.
Yindawo ephakathi. Ioli iyakwazi ukuhanjiswa kwiincinci ze-oil refineries zase-US okanye ngeepayipi zangaphakathi okanye nge-barges.
Kukho indawo ezimbini ze-caver eTexas. I-Bryan Mound inamabhola angama-242 kwiibholo ezingama-20, ngelixa i-Big Hill ithatha iimitha ezili-162.2 zeemitha ezi-14. Amanye amabini aseLouisana. IWestberry iWest iphethe iibhola ezingama-213.2 kwiiplanga ezingama-22 kunye neBayou Choctaw iphethe imitha engama-73.6 yezigidi ezi-6. Zonke zifana no-Meyi 31, 2015. (Umthombo: "SPR Sites Storage," Isebe laseMerika leMandla.)
Isikhundla esiphezulu sazo zonke iindawo zokukhusela ezine-727 yezigidi. Kwafikelela kwinqanaba elipheleleyo lokuzalisa okokuqala ngqa ngoDisemba 2009. Iindawo zokugcina iimpahla eziphathekayo zomhlaba zingathatha indawo engaphezulu kweenyanga ezine ezifunekayo zokungeniswa kwempahla xa kufuneka zifuneke. Ingakwazi ukudweba i-4.4 yezigidi zemibhobho ngosuku. Ukufumanisa ukuba ioli egcinwe ngoku, khangela i-SPR Inventory.
Urhulumente wephondo unayo yonke ioli egcinwe.
Ngethamsanqa, urhulumente wahlawula i-$ 29.70 ngomjikelo (ngomyinge). I-SPR kuphela ibiza i-25.7 billion zeebhiliyoni. Kuloo, iibhiliyoni ezi-5 ziyixabiso elimisiweyo lokuhlawula izibonelelo kunye ne-$ 20.7 yezigidigidi ezihlawulwe ioli. (Umthombo: "SPR Quick Facts," DOE)
Ukukhutshwa kweoli
Namaxesha amanani entengo yegesi ayifumana i-$ 4 nge-gallon, kukho iifowuni zokukhupha ioli kwi-SPR.
Kodwa kukho izikhokelo eziqinileyo ezilawulwayo xa ioli ingakhululwa. Ezi zichazwe kuMgaqo-nkqubo weMandla kunye noMthetho woLondolozo.
- Umongameli angenza umyalelo wokuqhawula ngokupheleleyo xa kukho ixesha elide lokunqongophala kwamandla olusongela ukhuseleko lwesizwe okanye uqoqosho.
- UMongameli angenza umyalelo wokurhoxiswa okuncinci kwee-barrels ezingaphantsi kwezi-30 ukuba kukho ukungabikho kweoli.
- UNobhala weMandla angenza iimvavanyo zokuhlaselwa kwezigidi ezingaphantsi kweebhiliyoni ezi-5. (Umthombo: "Iiplani zePetroleum Reserves," i-DOE.)
Ukukhishwa okukhawulezayo kwenzeka njengenxalenye yokutshintshisana nenkampani yangasese ukukhusela ingxaki. I-SPR iyakwazi ukukhulula ioli xa ithe yafumana okungaphezulu kwayo. Nantsi isishwankathelo sokukhutshwa kweoli.
Ngo-1991 - uMongameli uGeorge HWBush wayala ukukhululwa ukuzinzisa ukunikezelwa kwehlabathi jikelele phantsi kwe-Operation Desert Storm. Ukuze uthole iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu kwi-SPR, sukela i-SPR Drawdown.
1996 - Iingxowa-mali ezingaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-227 kwioli zathengiswa ukulinganisela uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali. I-oyile yathengiswa kwakhona ukuze ihlawule ngokutshabalalisa indawo yokugcina iVekis Island, elaliye yaphuka. Isigidi esinye semibhokhwe satshintshana xa i-ARCO ibhalwa.
Ngo-1997 - iCongress yalela ukuba ixabiso leoli elingama-220 million elithengiswayo liza kuthengiswa ukuze lilinganise uhlahlo lwabiwo mali.
Ngo-1998 - iinqwelo ezilishumi elinesibhozo ezithintekayo zatshintshiselwa iibhola eziyi-8.5 zeoli ephezulu.
2000 - I-SPR ibolekisile imirhumo engama-500 000 yokucoca xa i-channel yeCalcasieu ityelelwe. Kamva ngaloo nyaka, uMengameli uClinton wayala i-barrel yezigidi ezi-2 kwiindawo zokufudumala kweoli. I-SPR yayitshintshile ioli yeoli engcolileyo kunye neefisi zangasese zokutshisa ioli.
2002 - I-Hurricane Lili yafuna ukutshintshiselwa kweemitha eziyi-98 000.
2004 - Iqhwithi i-Ivan yafuna i-loan engama-5.4 yezigidi. Ngo-2005, ama-5.6 yezigidi imirhokhwe yayibuyiselwe.
2005 - UMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wayala ukuchithwa kwempahla yokubuyisela ukuveliswa kweoli kwintlepheko ngenxa yesiphepho seKatrina ngexesha lokuwa kuka-2005. Kungenxa yokuba amaxabiso e-gas aye afikelela kwi-5 gallon. Ukulungiswa kwamafutha kunye nokuthutha kwakonakaliswe ngqhwithi. I-SPR incede ukugcina amaxabiso e-gas kwizinga elifikelelekayo kude kube yilezi zibonelelo zilungiswe.
I-SPR ikhuphe iibhola ezingama-20.8 yezigidi. Kodwa ioli yayikhutshwe njengotshintshiswano phambi komyalelo kaMongameli.
2006 - I-SPR ibolekisile iibharri eziyi-750,000 kwimpahla yokucocwa kwendawo apho iCalcasieu Ship Sannnel ivalwe kwi-oil spill, kunye neebhola ezingama-767,000 xa iseshoni ye-Sabine Neches ivaliwe ngenxa yengozi yengozi. Bobabini beboleka imali emva koko.
Ngo-2008 - Ngaphambi kweNqantyambo uGustav eya emanzini ngoSeptemba 1, 2008, i-SPR yayifinyelele kwimibhobho engama-707.21 yezigidi, inqanaba eliphezulu liye lagcinwa kwaze kwaba ngaloo mhla. Uchungechunge lweengxubevange zengxamiseko oluqhutywe emva kweNkantwa uGustav, elandelwa kungekudala emva koko ngeNkantwa i-Ike, yanciphisa izinga nge-5.4 yezigidi zemibhobho kude kube ngo-2009, xa ibuyiselwa.
Ngo-2011 - uMengameli uBrazil uhanjiswe ukukhululwa ngoJuni 23, 2011, ukukhupha ukulahlekelwa kwemveliso ngenxa yentlekele yaseLibya. I-US ikhuphe imirhumo yezigidi ezingama-30 ngokubambisana kunye nemibhobho engama-60 ekhishwe kwamanye amalungu e-International Energy Agency.
Ngo-2012 - Iimvumba ezigidi ziye zanikwa iMakethe ye-Marathon Petroleum ukulungisa umonakalo obangelwa yiTropical Storm Isaac.
2017 - Ngo-Agasti 31, iSebe lezeMandla linikezele ukuba liya kukhupha imivalo engama-500 000 yeoli engcolileyo kwi-Reserve. Kuya kunika ioli ephazamiseke yiNkantwa Harvey . Ukukhululwa kuya ku-Phillips 66 yokucocwa eLake Charles, eLouana. Oku kwakungekho konakaliswe yisiphango. Uhlaziyo luya kuphinda lubuyisele ioli kwakhona kwiSibonelelo xa uhlawulelo lubuyela ejwayelekile. (Umthombo: "I-United States ikhupha iinqwelo ezi-500,000 zeeyile kwi-Strategic Reserve," iReuters, ngo-Agasti 31, 2017.)
2018 - NgoFebruwari 9, iCongress yavuma ukukhulula imirhuri eyi-100 njengengxenye yesivumelwano-mali se- 2018 . Iya kukhulula iipesenti ezili-15 zoMbutho we-Reserve phakathi kwe-2022 no-2027. Imali iya kunceda ukuxhasa i-rhu lumente.
IiNgcaciso zeSizwe
Wonke amazwe eelungu loMlawuli woMbane weLizwe loMhlaba aligcine, kodwa i-US SPR yiyona nto inkulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Ilizwe ngalinye ligcina iintsuku ezingama-90 zokungenisa ezizweni. Oku kukhusela ukuphazamiseka kokuphazamiseka, mhlawumbi kwiimimandla ezizwe ngamazwe aphumayo ngamafutha okanye umonakalo ovela kwiindwangu nezinye iintlekele zemvelo.
Kwakukho iibhiliyoni eziyi-4.1 ezibanjelwe kwiindawo zokugcina umhlaba wonke ngo-Oktobha 2011. Kule mivuzo, i-1.5 billion ibanjelwe oorhulumente, kunye neleyo esilawulwa yi-shishini. Izibonelelo ezicwangcisiweyo azibalwanga kwiindawo zokulondolozwa kweoli, ezifunekayo ezifunekayo ukuba zifumaneke kwimveliso. (Umthombo: "IiNdawo zokuHlulwa kweeHlomelo," iReuters.)