Izitshixo zamandla enyukliya zihambisa amandla okukhululwa yi-fission kwaye ayisebenzise ukuqhuba ii-generator ezivelisa umbane. Nangona amandla enyukliya anegalelo kuphela malunga neepesenti ezingama-20 zombane oveliswe eUnited States, amandla enyukliya yesizwe aphezulu nakwezinye iilwimi - iigigawatts ezili-101 ngo-2010.
Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zamandla enyukliya
Izixhobo zenyukliya zinezixhobo ezifanayo:
I-Fuel - i-Uranium, i-radioactive, i-ore yensimbi enzima, iyona mafutha aqhelekileyo kwiimveliso zenyukliya. Ukulandela inkqubo yokucebisa, i-uranium iba ngumbane ogqityiweyo.
I-reactor yamandla enyukliya idinga amawaka eekhilogram zefuthe le-uranium ukuze kusebenze. Izityalo zamandla enyukliya e-US zithenga malunga nezigidi ezili-50 zezigidi ze-uranium (ulingana ne-U3O8) rhoqo ngonyaka, uninzi lwalo luvela phesheya.
I-uranium ichithwa kwiindawo emhlabeni jikelele, ngokuyinhloko eKazakhstan, eCanada, e-Australia nase-Afrika. I-United States iphakathi kwabavelisi abaphezulu be-uranium.
Iidonga zokuLawula - Ezifakwe kwizinto ezinamathele nge-neutron ezifana ne-cadmium, i-hafnium, okanye i-boron, iintonga zokulawula zifakwe okanye zihoxiswe kwi-core yokulawula izinga lokuphendula okanye ukuyeka ukuba kuyimfuneko.
I-Moderator - Izinto eziphambili kwi-reactor core eziye zinciphisa i-neutrons ezikhutshwe kwi-fission ukuze zenze i-fission ngaphezulu.
Umodareyitha uqhelekileyo (ukukhanya) ngamanzi, kodwa unokuba ngamanzi anzima (D20) okanye igraphite.
I-Coolant - I-Liquid okanye igesi ejikeleza ngundoqo ekudluliseni ubushushu kulo. Kwimiguqu yamanzi amancinci, umodareyitha wamanzi usebenza njengento epholileyo.
I-Containment - Izixhobo zesikhokliya zisekwe kwizakhiwo zekhonkco ezinamandla zokukhusela i-radioactivity ukuba ingaphumeleli emoyeni.
Inkqubo Eyisiseko yeMandla eNyukliya
I-physics ye-nyukliya yinto yobuchwepheshe, kodwa inkqubo eyintloko yokuvelisa umbane ngamandla enyukliya yile ndlela ilandelayo:
I-core reactor ivelisa ukushisa kunye ne-radioactivity kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-fission, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-atom-division. Ngaphakathi kwe-reactor core ngumbane we-uranium nyukliya. Njengoko i-nuclei ye-uranium ihlukaniswe, ikhulula i-neutron. Xa i-atyutron ibetha ezinye ii-athan ze-uranium, ezo nuclei zikwahlukana, zikhulula i-neutron zazo ukuba zibethe ezinye ii-athomu, zenze i-fission ephezulu. Ukuhlukana kwe-atom okuqhubekayo kuyindlela yokusabela.
Ubushushu obuvela kwi-fission response reaction isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-steam emanzini, ngokukhawuleza njengokuba kumanzi amanzi abilayo (BWR), okanye ngokungathi ngqo kwi-reactor water reactor (PWR), ene-generator generator.
Umqhubi uqhuba i-turbine yamagunya anejeneretha.
Ijenerethi ikhiqiza umbane ohanjiswa kwigridi yamandla.
Iintlobo zeeNyukliya zeNyukliya
Ehlabathini lonke, kusetyenziswa iindidi ezahlukeneyo zamagesi enyukliya. Nangona kunjalo, iindidi eziqhelekileyo zi-reactors zamanzi ezixinzelelweyo (PWR) kunye nama-reactors yamanzi abilayo (BWR), achazwa njengama-reactors amanzi alula. EUnited States, i-PWR ne-BWR ziphela zeentlobo zezityalo zamandla enyukliya ezisetyenziswayo.
- I-reactor yamanzi abilayo (BWR) - Kulolu hlobo lomenzi, i-fission ivelisa ukushisa okubilisa ngamanzi kwi-core core. I-Steam yamandla amanzi abilayo i-turbine eqhuba i-generator ukuvelisa umbane. Amayeza asempumalanga yeJapan yaseFukushima Naiishi isityalo esonakaliswe kwiNkquma ka-Matshi 2011 kunye ne-tsunami yi-BWRs.
- I-reactor water presser (PWR) - Olu hlobo lwenkunkuma luyinto eqhelekileyo yokuvelisa amandla. Isebenzisa amanzi njengendlela epholileyo kunye neyomodareyitha, i-arhente esinceda ukulawula isantya se-fission. Kwimodeli epholileyo yokupholisa amanzi, ukufuthekiswa kwamandla ashushu okuphuma kwi-fission ngelixa lidlula kwi-core, lugcinwa phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu kwaye ngoko alubilisi. I-Steam ikhiqizwa kwisiqhelo sesibini epholisayo kwaye isetyenziselwa ukugunyaza i-turbine eqhuba i-generator kagesi.
- I-CANDU kunye namanzi amaninzi athatyathwa ngamanzi - Ezi zinto zizisebenzisa amanzi anzima njengomodareyitha. Amanzi amaninzi - kunye ne-deuterium atshintshe i-athomu ezimbini ze-hydrogen-njengomodareyitha uyanciphisa i-neutron kwinkqubo yokufuma kwaye avumela ukusebenzisa i-uranium yendalo, kunokuphucula i-uranium njengombane.
- I-reactor esebenzayo yebhanki - I-reactor esebenzayo ephezulu esebenzisa i-helium epholile kunye nophethiloli ogqityiweyo kwimida yegraphite kunye ne-silicon carbide ukuqinisekisa ukukhutshwa kwemveliso kunye nokuxhatshazwa kokungcoliseka.