Ilahleko zengxowankulu ekuHlanganisweni kwayo, Ukusetyenziswa kweMigangatho yokuSebenza kunye neGesi
Amalahle ahlukeneyo asetshenzisiweyo asetyenziswa njengefuthe elingahlambulukanga lokuvelisa umbane kunye nokuvelisa insimbi emhlabeni jikelele. Kuye kube yindawo ekhulayo yamandla ehlabathini lonke lama-21, ngokwe-International Energy Agency.
Malunga nokuveliswa kwamalahle
Abantu "abavelisi" amalahle. Iinkqubo ze-Geological kunye nokubola kwezinto eziphilayo zidala ngaphezu kwewaka leminyaka. Ichitshiweyo ukusuka kwiindawo zangaphantsi okanye "iinqonga," ngamanxiwa angaphantsi komhlaba, okanye ngokususa iindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba. Amalahle ahlambulukileyo kufuneka ahlambuluke, ahlambuluke kwaye aqhutywe ukulungiselela ukusetyenziswa kwezorhwebo.
I-China ngoku ivelisa amalahle amaninzi ngaphezu kweyiphi na ihlabathi emhlabeni, nangona iprojekthi yayo ibonakaliswa igcina indawo yesine emva kwe-US, i-Russia ne-Indiya. IEA iqikelela ukuba ukubonelelwa kwehlabathi lonke kufuneka kukhulise ngesantya malunga neepesenti ezingama-0.6 ukuya ku-2020.
Abathengi bamalahle kunye nabangenisayo
U-Australia uphonsa uluhlu lwabathengisi belizwe lonke, uthumele i-298 yezigidi zamatriki wamalahle angaphandle kwamanye amazwe ngo-2010. I-Indonesia kunye neRashiya bahlula okwesibini kunye neyesithathu, ukuthunyelwa kweetoni ezili-162 kunye ne-109 yezigidi. I-US yafika ngeyesine emhlabeni, ithumele iitoni ezingama-74 zezigidi ngaphaya kwemida yaloo nyaka.
Ukuthembela kwilahle
UMzantsi Afrika uthembele kakhulu kwilahle, uthabatha amaphesenti angama-93 yamandla ayo kagesi avela kulo mthombo wamandla. I-China ne-Indiya nayo ixhomekeke kakhulu kumalahle ngamaxabiso amaninzi yamandla kwi-79 kunye ne-69 ekhulwini ngokulandelana. I-US ithatha iipesenti ezingama-45 zombane wayo ukusuka kulo mthombo, ukubeka i-11 kwikoluhlu lwamazwe ngamazwe adala amandla avela kulo mthombo.
Iindidi ezinzima kunye neeSoft zelahle
Amalahle awela emacaleni amabini aphezulu : nzima kwaye athambileyo. Amalahle ahlambulukileyo ayaziwa nangokuthi ilahle okanye i-lignite. I-China ikhiqiza amalahle amaninzi kunamanye amazwe ngeyona nto ibingathathu. Ukunyuka kwee-3,162 yezigidi zamatriki ezinamalahle asebenzayo eziveliswa yiChina zineziphumo zemveliso yesibini kunye neyesithathu abavelisi-i-US kwi-932 yezigidi zeetrikoni kunye ne-Indiya kwi-538 yezigidi zeetrikriyoni.
IJamani kunye ne-Indonesia zibophelele ukudibanisa ukuhlonipha okuphezulu kwimveliso yamashanga amancinci. Lawa mazwe ahlambe izigidi ezili-169 kunye nezigidi ezili-163 zeetrikri ngokulandelana.
I-Cooking Coal kunye ne-Steam Coal
Ilahle lokupheka, elibizwa ngokuba ngamalahle ase-metallurgical, ine-sulfuri ephantsi kunye ne-phosphorus kwaye inokumelana nokushisa okukhulu. Ilahle le-cooking linyelwa kwii-ovens kwaye lixhomekeke kwi-pyrolysis engena-oksijini, inqubo eyenza amalahle angamalahle angama-1,100 ama-Celsius. Iyanyibilikisa kwaye iqhube nayiphi na i-compounds and impurities yokushiya ikhabhoni ecocekileyo. I-carbon ephosayo, ehlambulukileyo, ihlambuluke ibe yinto ebizwa ngokuthi "i-coke" engasondliwa kwisithando somlilo kunye ne-iron ore kunye ne-limestone ukuvelisa insimbi.
Umshini we-steam, owaziwa nangokuthi njengamalahle e-thermal, ulungele ukuveliswa kwamandla kagesi.
Umshanga we-steam umhlaba ube ngumgubo ococekileyo oshisa ngokukhawuleza kwiindleko eziphezulu kwaye usetyenziselwa kwizibane zamandla ukutshisa amanzi kwiibilisa eziqhuba ama-turbines. Ingasetyenziselwa ukubonelela ukufudumeza kwamakhaya namashishini.
Amandla Ngamalahle
Zonke iintlobo zamalahle ziqukethe ikhabhoni echanekileyo, enika amandla agciniweyo kunye nemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yomswakama, umlotha, into ephilileyo, i-mercury nesulfure. Ngenxa yokuba iimpawu zomzimba kunye nomgangatho wolahleko ziyahluka ngokubanzi, izityalo zamandla-mafutha ezikhutshwe ngamalahle kufuneka zenziwe zilungiselelwe ukulungiselela izakhiwo ezithile ze-feedstock kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezingcola njenge-sulfure, i-mercury kunye ne-dioxin.
Ubungakanani bamandla obugcinwe ngaphakathi kwamalahle buchazwe njengexabiso "calorific," "ixabiso lokushisa" okanye "umxholo wokushisa." Kulinganiswa kwi-Btu okanye i-MJ / kg. I-Btu ibhekisela kwiyunithi yokuthambisa yaseBrithani, ubungakanani bokushisa obuya kufudumala malunga ne-0.12 amamitha angama-US-ipiliti yamanzi - ngeqondo elilodwa Fahrenheit elwandle.
Btu ngamanye amaxesha kubhaliwe njengeBTU.
I-MJ / kg imele i-millijoule nge kilogram kwaye ingakanani yamandla igcinwe ngekhilogram. Oku kubonakaliswa kwamandla ombane ngamafutha afana nesisindo.
Amalahle akhulula amandla okushisa okanye ubushushu xa kutshiswa, kunye nekhabhoni kunye nomlotha. I-ash yenziwe ngamaminerali afana nesinyithi, i- aluminium , i-calestone, udongwe, kunye ne-silika, kunye nezinto ezifana ne-arsenic kunye ne-chromium.
Iintlobo zeelahle zithelekiswa kwaye zibalwa
Umbutho wamazwe ngamazwe i-ASTM ikhuphe indlela yokubeka iindawo zokubala amalahle omhlaba ovela kwizinto ezihlaziywe kwi-biatgrafied-based based humic material kunye nezinto eziphilayo okanye i-vitrinite. Uhlobo lwamalahle lusekelwe kumanqanaba e-geometrical metamorphosis, i-carbon carbon and value calorific. Iyaziwa ngokuba yi-ASTM D388 - 05 Udidi oluqhelekileyo lweamalahle ngamaGanga.
Zintlobo zine zidibanisa njani? Njengomgaqo oqhelekileyo, kunzima ukulahleka kwamalahle, ukuphakama kwexabiso lamandla kunye nobukhulu. Oku kulandelelanisa uhlobo lweendlela ezahlukeneyo zelahlekile ukusuka kwi-carbon kunye namandla ukuya kumncinci.
| Uhlu | Uhlobo Lwelahle | Inani leCalorific (MJ / kg) |
|---|---|---|
| # 1 | Anthracite | 30 millijoule nge kilogram |
| # 2 | Bituminous | 18.8-29.3 i-millijoule nge kilogram |
| # 3 | Sub-bituminous | 8.3-25 millijoule nge kilogram |
| # 4 | Lignite (amalahle omdaka) | 5.5-14.3 millijoule nge kilogram |