Le ngxube yeBlack Brown ihlinzeka ngamandla aphantsi kweendleko
Ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa "ngamalahle omdaka," i-lignite iyona mgangatho ophantsi kwaye uninzi lwelahle. Ilahlekile kunye ne-geal "encinci" yamalahle ihlala kufuphi nomhlaba.
I-Lignite inokuphulwa ngokwemichiza ngokushisa kwamalahle, inkqubo yokuvelisa i-syngas kwilahle kunye namanzi, umoya kunye / okanye i-oksijini. Oku kudala igesi yendalo yokwenziwa kombane ehambisa amandla amaninzi kwaye kulula ukusebenza kwizizukulwana zamandla kagesi.
Ngokwe-Lignite Energy Council, i-13.5 yeepesenti yelahle le-lignite yenziwe ngegesi yendalo kwaye i-7.5 pesenti iya kwi-fertilizer-based fertilizers. Ibhalansi isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umbane, onika amandla kubasebenzisi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2 kunye namashishini aseMpper Midwest. Ngenxa yokuba isisindo sayo esiphezulu sinomxholo wokushisa, i-lignite iyabiza ukuthutha kwaye isetyenziswa ngokutsha kwilahle okanye iitshini zamandla okuvelisa ugesi zamandla kagesi ezikufuphi kwimi.
I-North Dakota, ngokukodwa, inzuzo evela kumandla aveliswe yizityalo zayo ezinamandla ase-lignite. Oku kuveliswa kombane kubangele abalimi kunye namashishini kummandla, ukugcina iindleko zabo zokusebenza eziphantsi ukwenzela ukuba bahlale bekhuphisana kwiindawo, kwilizwe nakwamanye amazwe. Ngenxa yemozulu eshushu kakhulu kwindawo, umthombo ophantsi wexabiso lombane ubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kumashishini aseNyakatho Dakota.
Icandelo lokuvelisa i-lignite ngokwayo livelisa imisebenzi engama-28,000, enika umvuzo ophezulu kunye nokuqhuba i-$ 100 yezigidi kwerhafu yengxowa yonyaka.
Iinkcukacha zeLignite Coal
Kuzo zonke iindidi zelahle, i-lignite iqulethe izinga eliphantsi kakhulu lekhabhoni (i-25-35 ekhulwini) kunye neyona nqanaba eliphezulu lokunyusa (ngokuqhelekileyo ngama-20-40 ekhulwini ngokulinganisa, kodwa iyakwazi ukuya phezulu njengama-60-70 ekhulwini).
I-Ash iyahluka ukuya kuma-50 ekhulwini ngokulinganisa. I-Lignite inamaqondo aphantsi esulfure (ngaphantsi kwe-1 ekhulwini) kunye nomlotha (malunga nama-4 ekhulwini), kodwa unamaqondo aphakamileyo enomxholo (amaphesenti angama-32 kunye nobunzima obuphezulu) kwaye ivelise amanqanaba aphezulu okukhutshwa komoya. I-Lignite inexabiso lokufudumeza malunga ne-4,000 ukuya kuma-8,300 kwi-Btu nganye.
Ukufumaneka kunye nokufikeleleka kweLignite
I-Lignite ithathwa njengoluhlu olululo. Phantse iipesenti ezi-7 zelahle eligqityiweyo e-US lignite. Itholakala ngokuyinhloko kwiNorth Dakota (McLean, Mercer, kunye nee-Oliver counties), eTexas, Mississippi (iKemper County) kwaye, ukuya kumlinganiselo omncinane, eMontona. I-Lignite Energy Council ibonisa ukuba amalahle omdaka afumaneka ngakumbi kunezinye iintlobo zamalahle. Imifuno yeLignite ifumaneke kufuphi nomhlaba, oku kuthetha ukuba ukucandwa komhlaba ngaphandle kwee-tunnels akuyimfuneko kwaye akukho mngcipheko we-methane okanye i-carbon monoxide buildup, inkxalabo ekhuselekileyo yokhuseleko kwimigodi ephantsi komhlaba.
Ukuveliswa kwehlabathi
Ngokwe-World Coal Association, amazwe aphezulu angama-10 avelisa amalahle asemdaka (asezantsi ukusuka kuninzi ukuya kuncinci): IJamani, iU.SA, iRashiya, iPoland, iTurkey, i-Australia, iGrisi, iNdiya, iRiphabhliki yaseCzech kunye neBulgaria. Ngowe-2014, iJamani yayingumlimi owona mkhulu kunabo bonke, ivelisa iitoni ezingama-178.2 ze-lignite kuma-72.1 yezigidi ze-US.
Amanqaku angaphezulu
Ngenxa yobuninzi bayo bomswakama, i-lignite ingasomiswa ukuze kunciphise umthamo womswakama kunye nokwandisa ixabiso le-calorific fuel value. Inkqubo yokumisa idinga amandla kodwa ingasetyenziselwa ukunciphisa into enomdla kunye nesulfure.
Usetyenziso
I-Lignite ibine yesine, okanye iphelileyo, ngokushisa kunye nomxholo wekhabhoni xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iintlobo zamalahle, ngokwe-ASTM D388 - 05 Uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lweamalahle ngamaGrase.