Isikhokelo soQalelo sokuTyala imali kwiShishini
Kuyo yoninzi kwimbali yamhlanje, ukutshala imali kwiitokisi bekuyeyona ndlela efanelekileyo kunye nefanelekileyo yokwenza abantu kunye neentsapho ziqokelele imali, zenze ubutyebi, kwaye zikhule ingeniso yazo. Nangona kunjalo iifaki zihlala zingacaciswanga ngabantu abaninzi (kubandakanywa abo batyala imali), abaninzi babo babheka isabelo sesitokisi njengamandla angabonakaliyo angaphaya kwengcaciso engqiqo; uchungechunge lweeleta kunye namanani aguqukayo kwi-tepi yedijithali kwaye yenza ukuba i-akhawunti yomrharenti kunye nokulinganisela i-akhawunti yomhlalaphantsi iphakame kwaye iwele ngaphandle kwesiqhelo okanye isizathu.
Kodwa inyaniso kukuba iqoqo elikhethiweyo elikhethiweyo leempahla, ngokuyinxalenye njengenxalenye yephothifoliyo yeempahla ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye neeklasi ze-asethi, kunokunika inkululeko ekukhathazeni ngokwezimali kunye nokulungelelanisa ukuqhubela phambili izinto zakho ngexesha lakho. Nakhu okufuneka ukwazi malunga nokutyalomali kwiisitokisi.
Yintoni i-Stock?
Ngokucacileyo, isabelo sesitokisi sibonisa ubunikazi bomthetho kwishishini. Iinkampani ezikhupha i-stock, ngokuqhelekileyo kwenye yeentlobo ezimbini: izitokhwe eziqhelekileyo kunye nezinto ezikhethiweyo. Amasheya ngamanye amaxesha abizwa ngokuthethiweyo ngokuthi "amasheya", kuba luhlobo lokhuseleko lwezezimali, okanye "amanani," kuba abamele ubunini (ubulungisa) kwishishini.
IiShishini eziqhelekileyo: Ezi ziisitokisi apho wonke umntu ehlala ebhekisela xa bethetha ngokutyalomali. Isitokhwe esiqhelekileyo sinelungelo lokuba nesabelo salo senkxaso yenzuzo yenkampani okanye ilahleko. Abanini bempahla bayayikhetha iBhodi yabaLawuli (ngaphezu kokuqesha kunye nokuphanga i-CEO) inqume ukuba ingayigcina loo ntlawulo okanye ithumele ezinye okanye zonke ezo ntlawulo zibuyele kubanini-zimpahla ngendlela yesahlulelo semali-isheke somzimba okanye i-deposit electronic othunyelwa kwi-akhawunti yomrhweba okanye umhlala-phantsi ogcina isitokisi.
Iimpahla ezikhethiweyo: Abanini-nxaxheba bee-stocks ezikhethiweyo bafumana isabelo esithile kwixesha elimiselweyo. Esi sihlomelo siza kufuneka sihlawulwe kuqala, phambi kokuba isisitye esifumanekileyo singayifumana nayiphi na igalelo, kwaye ukuba inkampani iya kuphazamiseka, abanikazi bamatshini abakhethiweyo bavela ngaphandle kubanini beefowuni ezifanayo ngokubakho ukubuyisela ukutshala imali kwabo nawaphi na ukuthengisa okanye ukubuyiswa okufunyenwe yi-bankruptcy trustee. Ezinye izitokhwe ezikhethiweyo ziyakwazi ukuguqulwa kwisitoktho esifanayo.
I-Stocks yenziwe njani, kwaye Kutheni ikhona?
Amasheya akhona ngezizathu ezininzi, kodwa phakathi kwezona zibalulekileyo zilandelayo:
- Amasheya avumele ukuba iinkampani ziphakamise imali enkulu (imali) ukuguqula imibono emihle kwiibhizinisi ezifanelekileyo. Ngaphandle kwemali-mboleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweemarike zentengo, ubuninzi bezinto ezidlulileyo zanamhlanje ozithathayo aziyi kuba khona okanye zifumaneke kuwe.
- Amasheya anika indawo kubatyalo-mali ukuba bakwazi ukufumana inzuzo eyanelisayo kwixabiso elinokubavumela ukuba bafezekise iinjongo zabo zemali ngokukhawuleza kunokuba bangenjalo.
- Amasheya ahlula ubunikazi kubaphathi, avumela abo abanomdla, amandla, okanye ixesha lokuqhuba ishishini ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwezoqoqosho kunye namalungelo okuvota. Oku kubangela ukuba ulwabiwo oluninzi olongezelelweyo lwezibonelelo, kubandakanywa nenkunzi yabantu.
- Ngaphandle kwemibandela embalwa, ukulingana kwemali kwisalathisi ayinayo umhla ekufuneka ibuyiselwe ngayo, okanye ixabiso lokuhlawula eliqinisekileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba kusebenza njengento yokubolekisa ababolekisi beenkampani: Bayazi ukuba kukho ixabiso kwi-balance sheet ukufumana ilahleko ngaphambi kokungena kwaye uphononise inkampani ukuba ibhujiswe xa i-billing ayihlawulwa. Ngenxa yolu mngcipheko oluncitshiswayo, banokunikela ngenani lemali elincinci kwimali ababoleka ngayo ishishini.
Iifaki Zisebenza njani
Cinga ukuba ufuna ukuqala ivenkile yokuthengisa kunye namalungu entsapho yakho. Unquma ukuba ufuna i $ 100,000 ukufumana ishishini phantsi komhlaba ukuze ufake inkampani entsha.
Ukwahlula inkampani kwizabelo ezi-1 zesitokisi. Uxabisa isabelo ngasinye sesitokethi kwi $ 100. Ukuba unako ukuthengisa zonke izabelo kumalungu entsapho, kufuneka ube needola eziyi-100 000 ozifunayo (amawaka angama-x x $ 100 enesabelo semali kwisabelo = $ 100,000 ephakanyiselwe inkampani).
Ukuba isitoreji sithole i-50,000 yeerhafu emva kwerhafu ngexesha lonyaka wokuqala, isabelo ngasinye sesitokethi siya kuba nelungelo loku-1 / 1,000th yenzuzo. Uza kuthatha i-$ 50,000 uze uhlule ngo-1 000, obangela i-$ 50 yokufumana inzuzo nganye (okanye i-EPS, njengoko idlalwa rhoqo kwiWall Street). Unokubiza kwakhona intlanganiso yeBhodi yabaLawuli kunye nesigqibo sokuba ngaba kufuneka usebenzise loo mali ukuhlawula iintlawulo, ukuhlawulela isitokisi esithile, okanye ukwandisa inkampani ngokubuyisela kwisitolo sokuthengisa.
Ngexesha elithile, unokwenza isigqibo sokuba ufuna ukuthengisa izabelo zakho zomthengisi weentsapho. Ukuba inkampani inkulu ngokwaneleyo, unokuba nomnikelo wokuqala uluntu, okanye i-IPO , ukuvumela ukuba uthengise i-stock yakho kwintengiso yesitokhwe okanye i-market-counter-counter market.
Enyanisweni, oko kwenzeka ngokuthe ngqo xa uthengisa okanye uthengisa izabelo zeenkampani ngokusebenzisa i-stock broker. Uxelela i-market ukuba unomdla wokufumana okanye ukuthengisa izabelo zenkampani ethile, i-Wall Street ifanelana nomntu onqwenela ukuthatha olunye uhlangothi lwezorhwebo, kwaye uthatha iifizi kunye neekomishini ukwenza oko. Ngaphandle koko, izabelo zesitokhwe zinokukhishwa ukuphakamisa izigidi, okanye iibhiliyoni zeedola ngokunyusa. Ukubonelela ngehlabathi lokwenene, umzekeliso wembali, xa uSam Walton emisa iWal-Mart Stores, Inc., umrhumo wokuqala owenziwa ngumntu owabangela ukuba uthengise izabelo ezisanda kudala kwenkampani yakhe yamnika imali eyaneleyo yokuhlawula amaninzi amatyala kwaye ixhaswe ngokubanzi ukwanda kweWal-Mart.
Ukusebenzisa omnye umzekelo, makhe sixoxe ngekhenketho enkulu yehlabathi yokutya, iMacdonald's Corporation. Kwiminyaka edlulileyo, i-McDonald Corporation yabelana ngokwahlukileyo kwii-1,079,186,614 izabelo zesitokhwe esifanayo. Ngethuba lonyaka omnye wokusebenza, inkampani yayifumane imali engenayo ye-$ 4,176,452,196.18, ngoko ke abaphathi bathatha inzuzo baza bahlula ngezabelo ezingekhoyo, okubangela ukufumana isabelo ngasinye nge-3.87.
Kuloo, iBhodi yabaPhathi bavotela ukuhlawula i-$ 2.20 ngefom yesahlulelo semali, ishiye i-1.67 isabelo ngasinye kwenkampani ukuba izinikele kwezinye izizathu ezifana nokwandiswa, ukuncitshiswa kwetyala, ukuthengwa kwamashishini , okanye nayiphi na enye inqununu eyayimfuneko ukuvelisa ukubuyisela okuhle kubanikazi bayo, abagcini bempahla.
Ngelo xesha, intengo yempahla kaMcDonald yayingama-61.66 yehora ngalinye. Imarike yemasheya yayikuthi, kwaye ayikho into engaphezulu kwintengiso. Amadoda kunye nabasetyhini abasebenza egameni labo kunye namaziko benza izigqibo ngemali yabo kunye nemali yabo yeziko kwidilesi yangempela. Ukuba umntu wayefuna ukuthengisa izabelo zabo zeMcDonald kwaye kwakungekho nabathengi kwi-61.66, ixabiso bekumele lihlale liwa phantsi kokuba umntu angene ngaphakathi kwaye abeke umyalelo wokuthenga kunye nomthengisi wabo. Ukuba abatyali-mali babecinga ukuba uMcDonald uza kukhulisa inzuzo yakhe ngokukhawuleza kunezinye iinkampani ezinxulumene nexabiso abafanele bahlawule ngaloo ntengo yobunini, banokuthi bazimisele ukuzithengisa intengo yesitokisi. Ngokufanayo, ukuba umtyalo-mali omkhulu kufuneka alahle imali yakhe kwiimarike, ukubonelela kungakunciphisa ixesha elide kwaye kuqhube ixabiso lentengo.
Ukususela ngo-Apreli 2017, intengo yeMacDonald's stock is $ 140.87 ngesabelo ngasinye. Isizathu sokuba abatyali-mali bazimisele ukuhlawula ngakumbi ngenxa yokuba ulawulo lwenze umsebenzi omuhle wokwandisa inzuzo kunye nokuphakamisa izabelo. Siyabulela ukusungulwa kwentsuku zonke zokutya kwasekuseni kunye namanye amanyathelo, ivenkile enkulu yehlabathi ifumana i-$ 5.44 isabelo ngasinye emva kweerhafu, kungeyi-$ 3.87. Yithumela i-3.76 yezigidi kwi-share share cash share to the owners, not $ 2.20. Ngaphantsi kweziganeko ezinzima, kungakhathaliseki ukuba i-market market yenza ntoni kwixeshana elifutshane-nokuba ngaba yi-bidding yeMacDonald's share to $ 200 nganye, okanye ukuya kuma-$ 50 nganye-ekugqibeleni, amava oya kuba nawo njengomnini unamathele imivuzo kunye namanani omvuzo, engekhoyo kwezinye iimeko ezingaqhelekanga. Ukuba ishishini , inkampani eqhubayo, iqhubeka igxotha imali ethe xaxa, kwaye ithumela imali engaphezulu kwayo, ingaba ingabalulekanga okanye ixabiswe ngaphezu kwexabiso elinikiweyo ayithethi into eninzi kwixesha elide. umnini ngaphandle kweemeko ezimbi kakhulu.
Utyalo-mali uza njani ukwenza imali ngokuthenga iiShishini?
Ukuba ungaphandle, umnini-mthengisi, kukho iindlela ezintathu kuphela ongayinceda kwi-investment phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Ungakwazi ukuqokelela igalelo zemali ezithunyelwa kuwe ngenxalenye yakho nayiphi na inzuzo eyenziwe yinkampani; Unokuyonwabela nayiphi na ukwanda kwexabiso langaphakathi kwisabelo ngasinye; okanye unokwazi ukufumana inzuzo ekutshintsheni kwendlela yokulinganisa esetyenziswe kwimali ye-firmings okanye enye impahla. Edibeneyo, le ngcamango imelwe yinto eyaziwa njengenzuzo yokubuyisela imali .
Ungathini Umntu Onotyalomali NgamaShishini?
Xa usugqibile ekubeni ufuna ukufumana amasheya, isinyathelo esilandelayo kukuba ufunde ukuqala ukuthenga . Kungcono ukucinga ngamasheya njengokuba ufunyanwa ngenye yezindlela ezimbalwa:
- Ukutshala imali nge- 401 (k) isicwangciso okanye, ukuba usebenzela inzuzo engekho inzuzo, i- 403 (b) isicwangciso
- Utyalo-mali nge- IRA yeNdabuko , i- Roth IRA , i- SIMPLE IRA okanye i-akhawunti ye-SEP-IRA
- Utyalo-mali ngokusebenzisa i- akhawunti ehlawuliswayo ye- akhawunti
- Utyalo-mali ngokusebenzisa isicwangciso- mali sokuthenga ngokuthe ngqo okanye isicwangciso sokubuyisela isabelo (i-DRIP)
Indlela oya kuzuza ngayo i-stocks iya kuxhomekeka kwi-akhawunti apho wenza khona ukufumana. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-akhawunti yokurhweba ehlawuliswayo, i-IRA yesithethe, okanye i-Roth IRA, unokwenza ukuba umthengisi wakho wenkokhelo uthenge amashishini kwanoma yiphi inkampani okanye iinkampani ozifunayo, ukuba unikwe i-stock ukuthengiswa esidlangalaleni kwaye ungabanjwa ngasese. Oko kukuthi, unokwenza isigqibo sokuba ngumnini we-Coca-Cola Inkampani ngokubeka ngokuthe ngqo imali kunye nokuba nenkokhelo esetyenzisiweyo ukugqiba urhwebo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izicwangciso ezininzi zokuthatha umhlala phantsi, njengama-401 (k) iingxelo, vumela ukuba utyalomali kwiimali ezixhasayo okanye kwi-index index. Ezi mali kunye kunye neenkcukacha zengxowa-mali, ngokutsha, zitshala imali kwi-stocks, ngoko ke yindlela nje yokumisela; isakhiwo esisemthethweni phakathi esiphethe iifotyi zakho.
Esi sigqibo - nokuba ubambe isitokethi okanye ukuba uyenze ngendoda ephakathi njengengxowa- mali yenkcazo -yinto ecacileyo kakhulu yosuku olunye. Ingcaciso emfutshane: Nangona iifom zenkcazo zingaba lukhetho oluhle phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo kumtyalo-mali othe tye, azinjalo uhlobo lotyalo-mali, njengoko basengokuqokelela kweempahla zodwa. Esikhundleni sokuba ukhethe iifotyi zakho ngokwakho, okanye ukuqesha inkampani yokulawula i-asethi ukwenzela yona, uphumelela umsebenzi kwikomiti yamadoda nabasetyhini abasebenza kwelinye lamaziko aseWall Street. Zizo zonke izitokisi. Yiyo leyo. Yiloo nto. Awukwazi ukuphuma kuloo siseko sezoqoqosho.
Kulo nqaku, ukuba unquma ukukhetha iibhankithi zakho zezithuthi, unganquma njani ukuba ngubani owenzayo kwipotfoliyo yakho?
Ukugqiba ukuba yeyiphi imasheya enokuba yiyo
Ukuchonga ukuba yimaphi amasheya ofuna ukubamba kwipotfoliyo yokutshala imali iya kuxhomekeka kwiimeko ezininzi. Iphutha eliqhelekileyo labaqalayo ukuba bacinge ukuba injongo yeliphi na iphothifoliyo yesitokethi ukunyusa ukubuyisela ngokupheleleyo; Kwezinye iimeko, kunokwenzeka ukuba uzame ukufumana iintlawulo ezonelisayo ngexesha lokunciphisa umngcipheko, ngelixa kwezinye iimeko, kunokuzama ukunyusa imali engenayo ngokugxininisa kwi-securities ephezulu-ngaphezu-yesibonelelo, njenge-blue-chip stocks izabelo ezicebileyo.
Njengokholo oluqinileyo kwifilosofi eyaziwa njengexabiso lokutshala imali, ndichitha ixesha lam lifuna iinkampani ezinomnye okanye ngaphezulu kweempawu ezincinane. Ezi zixhobo zingabandakanya izinto ezifana noku:
- Amasheya amabhizinisi anesigxina eside, esilungisiweyo sokuncedisa okanye ukwandisa inzuzo ngokujikeleza wonke umshishini, obandakanya ubuncinane.
- Amasheya amashishini anomlawuli onobungani-banobuchule kunye neBhodi yabaLawuli abazimisele ukubuyisela imali eyongezelelweyo kubanikazi ngokuhlawulela okwandayo kunye nokwabelana ngentengo. (Inkqubo yokuhlawulela isabelo xa inkampani ithengisa isitoko sayo, ukunciphisa izabelo ezipheleleyo ezithe zagqitywa.
- Amasheya amabhizinisi anenzuzo ephezulu kwixabiso elibonakalayo (oku kuthetha ukuba ayithathi imali eninzi kwipropati, izityalo kunye nezixhobo, okanye ubuninzi bemali ekhuselekile yokusebenza, ukuvelisa idola lemali engenayo).
- Amasheya amashishini anokwenza uhlobo oluthile lwenzuzo ekhuphisanayo eyenza kube nzima kubakhuphiswano ukuba bangabonakali amabhizinisi.
- Iimasheya zamashishini athengisa kwi- ratios ephantsi yokulungiswa kwe- p / e , ii- PEG , kunye / okanye i -PEG-adjustment adjustment ratios .
Emva koko sibheka indlela ama-stocks ahlukeneyo afanelekileyo ngayo njengenxalenye yepotfolio. Awuyi kufuna yonke imali yakho, ithi, ibhanki okanye ukushishina. Kunoko, ufuna ukukhangela iindlela zokuzama ukulungisa izinto ezifana nomngcipheko ohambelanayo.
Iyintoni Injongo Eyona Njongo Yokutshala imali kwiiShishini?
Abanini-mali abahlakaniphile bayaqonda ukuba umdlalo wokugqibela kubanikazi abaninzi beempahla ziza kugqiba kunye neqoqo lamashishini amangalisayo axhoxisa iindleko ezinkulu zemali abangayisebenzisa ukuze banandiphe ubomi babo. Enyanisweni, ndiya kufikelela ekugqibeleni ukuba utyalo-mali obuninzi kwiimpahla zesitokisi akuyiyo inkampani oyithengayo ngentengo enye kwaye ngokukhawuleza uthengisa kwelinye, unethemba lokuba inzuzo engaphantsi kwexesha elifutshane; kodwa, kunoko, enye ongayithenga kwaye uhlale iminyaka engama-25 + njengoko isabelo ngasinye sesabelo sisaqhubeka sikhula esibhakabhakeni nangona intengo yesithamo ngokwayo iyintle.
Yiloo nto iyenzekayo xa uvalelwa ngabantu abanjengoAnne Scheiber , ummeli we-IRS osemhlala phantsi ochitha amashumi ezigidi zeedola kwindlu yakhe ngokuchitha ixesha lakhe lokukhulula ukufunda nokuhlalutya izitokisi, awayezifumana kwaye wahlala iminyaka emashumi. Ndenze izifundo ezininzi zeziganeko zezigidi zemfihlo; uRonald Ufunde ngeR $ 8 yezigidi, uR Lewis David Zagor kunye ne-$ 18 yezigidigidi zakhe, uJack MacDonald enezigidi ezili-188 zezigidi. Ukuphindaphindiwe kwakhona, iprojekthi efanayo iyavela: Kwakungekho yinto enenhlanhla. Kunoko, aba bantu bathanda ukuchitha ixesha labo lokuzifumanisa ekufumaneni amashishini abafuna ukuwafumana - amashishini abantu abaninzi abanokubheka njengento ebangelisayo, kodwa loo nto yayinokuthengisa kwangempela ngenzuzo yangempela.
Kwaye kubalulekile, oku kungenalo utsalo-mali oya kubabangela ubutyebi ngobusuku bonke. Bazithenga baza bavalela, bavumela ixesha ukuba baphakamise imithwalo enzima ngeli qinisekisa ukuba bangalokothi babeke amanqaku amaninzi kumashishini athile. Ngaloo ndlela, ukuba enye okanye ngaphezulu yahluleka, umatshini oqingqiweyo awakhe wakhusela ukunyuka kwindleko yangaphakathi.
Yimvakalelo emangalisayo. Ngethuba lokutshala imali kwintsapho yam, sithandwa ngokungaqhelekanga kwiziqhamo ezivela kwiinkampani zethu ezithengisa iinjethi ze-jet, imigaqo-inshorensi, iibhotile zethokoleta, iimoto, ikhofi, i-tea, i-soda, i-cocoa eshushu, i-elevator, i-escalator, i-donuts, i-ayisikrimu, i-oli, yemvelo i-gas, i-mortgage, amakhadi ekweretti, iimali-mboleko zabafundi, izicathulo zezemidlalo, iipaki zeemoto, i-whiskey, i-vodka, i-turbines, i-wood, i-diamond, iindow, iirki, iinkonzo kunye neenkonzo, iziqholo, amayeza kunye nokunye okuninzi. Nangona akunakwenzeka ukuba udibana nathi, awukwazi ukuhlala okanye usebenze naphi na kwilizwe eliphuhlisiwe ngaphandle kokubeka imali emapokothini ethu.
Nguwo amandla okutshala imali kwiimpahla.
Qaphela: Naziphi na izitokisi ezikhankanywe apha ziphela nje ngenjongo yokubonisa kwaye akuyiyo ingcebiso yokuthenga okanye ukuthengisa naluphi ukhuseleko oluthile. Kufuneka uxoxe nabacebisi bakho abaqeqeshiweyo ukuba baqinisekise ukuba utyalo-mali lufanelekile kwiimeko zakho ezizodwa, ukunyamezela, iimfuno kunye nokukhetha.