Ingqwalaselo yeeMpahla kunye nezicelo zoMnxeba onamandla
I-Platinum iyinsimbi enesidingo, esisigxina kwaye esinqabileyo esetyenziswa rhoqo kwizinto zokugqoka ezibonakalayo, ezibonakalayo zesilivere, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezobuchwephesha, i-electronics kunye neyakhemikhali ngenxa yezinto ezihlukeneyo zeemichiza kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo.
Iipropati
- I-Atomic Symbol: Pt
- Inomic Number: 78
- Udidi lwe-Element: Utshintsho lwesimbi
- Ubunzima: 21.45 g / cm 3
- I-Melting Point: 3214.9 ° F (1768.3 ° C)
- Indawo yokubilisa: 6917 ° F (3825 ° C)
- Ubunzima bukaMoh: 4-4.5
Iimpawu
Isinyithi sePlatinum sinempahla eninzi, kwaye ichaza isicelo sayo kumashishini amaninzi. Ngenye yezinto ezincinci zetsimbi - phantse kabini njengezininzi njengezikhokelo-kwaye zizinzile kakhulu, zinika izakhiwo ezinqabileyo ezikhuselweyo zentsimbi. Umqhubi omhle wombane, i-platinum ibuye ingabonakali kwaye i-ductile.
I-Platinum ithathwa njengesicatshulwa esinezinto eziphilayo, ngenxa yokuba ayinayo inetyhefu kwaye izinzile, ngoko ayikuthinteli, okanye ayichaphazeli kakubi izicubu zomzimba. Uphando olutsha luye lwabonisa i-platinum ukuvimbela ukukhula kwamanye amaseli anomhlaza.
Imbali
I-alloy yeqela le- platinum yesimbi (i-PGMs) , equka iplatinum, isetyenziswe ukuhlobisa iCapeket yaseThebes, ingcwaba laseYiputa elibuyela kwi-700BC. Oku kukusetyenziswa kokuqala kweplatinum, nangona i-pre-Columbian yaseMzantsi Melika nayo yenza imihlobiso evela kwigolide neeplatinum alloys .
Abanqobi baseSpeyin babengabantu baseYurophu bokuqala ukuhlangana nesitye, nangona bafumene inkathazo ekusukeni kwabo ngesiliva ngenxa yokubonakala kwayo. Babhekisela kwisinyithi njengePlatina - inguqulelo yePlata , igama lesiSpanish ngesiliva-okanye iPlatina del Pinto ngenxa yokufumanisa kwayo kwi-sandle ecaleni kwimilambo yoMlambo wasePinto namhlanje kwi-Columbia.
Nangona wayefundiswa ngamaqela angamaNgesi, amaFrentshi kunye namaSpain ephakathi kwe-18 leminyaka, uFrancois Chabaneau wayengowokuqala ukuvelisa isampuli ecocekileyo yeplatinum yintsimbi ngo-1783. Ngo-1801, isiNgesi uWilliam Wollaston wathola indlela yokwenza ngokucacileyo isinyithi i-ore, efana neyona nkqubo esetyenziswa namhlanje.
Ukubonakala kwesilivere yeplatinum ye-platinum ngokukhawuleza kwenza into exabisekileyo phakathi kobukhosi kunye nabacebileyo ababefuna iingubo ezenziwe kwintsimbi yakutshanje.
Imfuno ekhulayo yabangela ukufunyanwa kweentlawulo ezinkulu kwiiNtaba ze-Ural ngo-1824 kunye neKhanada ngo-1888, kodwa ukufumanisa okokuya kutshintsha ikusasa leplatinum akuzange kufika kwa-1924 xa umlimi waseMzantsi Afrika wayekhubelela i-platinum nugget emlanjeni. Oku ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela kwi-geologist uHen Merensky ukufumanisa ubunzima be-Bushveld, obuninzi iplatinum kwihlabathi.
Nangona ezinye izicelo zaseplatinum zeplatinum (umz. Iiplatium zeplastiki) zazisetyenziswa ngephakathi kwe-20 leminyaka, ininzi yezixhobo zekhompyutha, ezonyango kunye nezixhobo zonyango ziye zaphuhliswa ukususela ngowe-1974 xa imimiselo esemgangathweni yomoya e-US iqalile ixesha elizimeleyo le-autocatalyst.
Ukususela ngelo xesha, i-platinum isisitya sotyalo-mali kwaye sithengiswa kwi-New York Mercantile Exchange kunye ne-London Platinum ne-Market Palladium.
U ku velisa
Nangona iplatinum edla ngokuqhelekileyo ivela kwiindawo zokubeka iipliti, iplatinum kunye ne- platinum ye-metal (PGM) abavukuzi ngokuqhelekileyo bakhupha isinyithi kwi-sperrylite kunye nokubambisana, iiplatinum ezimbini ezinee-ores.
I-Platinum ihlala ifunyenwe kunye namanye amaPGM. Kwinkqubo yaseBlueveld yaseMzantsi Afrika kunye nenani elincinci leminye imizimba ye-ore, ii-PGM zenzeka ngokwaneleyo ukwenzela ukuba zenze uqoqosho ukuze zikhishwe kuphela ezi zinyithi; kanti, e-Norilsk yaseRashiya naseCanada yaseSudbury ibeka iplatinum kunye nezinye i-PGM zithathwa njengemveliso ye- nickel kunye nobhedu .
Ukukhupha i-platinum kwi-ore kubini inkunzi kunye nabasebenzi abanzi. Ingathatha iinyanga ezi-6 kunye neetoni ezi-7 ukuya kwezi-12 ze-ore ukuvelisa enye ye-troy (31.135g) yeplatinum ecocekileyo.
Isinyathelo sokuqala kule nkqubo kukuchoboza i-platinum eneeyure kunye nokuyifaka emanzini afumanekayo; inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi 'froth flotation'.
Ngethuba lokuhamba, umoya uphephelwa nge-ore-water slurry. Iintlanzi zePlatinum zixhomekeke kwi-oksijini kwaye zikhuphuke emkhatsini we-froth ekhutshiwe ukuze ihlambuluke ngakumbi.
Emva kokumiswa, i-powder egciniweyo iqulethe ngaphantsi kwe-1% ye-platinum. Emva koko i-2732F ° (i-1500C °) ikhutshwe kwiifane zombane kwaye umoya uphuthunyiswa kwakhona, ukususa ukungcola kwensimbi nesulfure.
Amacandelo e-Electrolytic kunye namakhemikhali asetyenziselwa ukukhipha i-nickel, ithusi kunye ne- cobalt , okubangelwa ukugxila kwi-15-20% ye-PGM.
I-Aqua regia (i-nitric acid ye-nitric acid kunye ne-hydrochloric acid) isetyenziselwa ukutshabalalisa i-platinum yecimbi kwi-mineral concentrate ngokudala i-chlorine edibanisa ne-platinum ukwenza i-chloroplatinic acid.
Kwinqanaba lokugqibela, i-ammonium chloride isetyenziselwa ukuguqula i-chloroplatinic acid ukuya kwi-ammonium hexachloroplatinate, enokutshiswa ukuze yenze i-platinum yinyithi.
Iindaba ezilungileyo kukuba akubona zonke iiplatinum eziveliswa kwimithombo ephambili kule nkqubo ende kwaye ibiza. Ngokutsho kweenombolo ze-United States Geological Survey (USGS), malunga ne-30% yezigidi eziyi-8,53 zeeplatinum eziveliswe emhlabeni wonke ngo-2012 zivela kwimithombo esele ibuyele.
Ngomthombo wezobuncwane kwi-complex yaseBushveld, uMzantsi Afrika ngowona mveliso omkhulu weplatinum, ukubonelela nge-75% yemfuno yehlabathi, ngelixa iRashiya (i-25 tonnes) kunye neZimbabwe (i-7.8 tonnes) nazo zivelisi ezinkulu. I-Anglo Platinum (i-Amplats), i- Norilsk Nickel kunye ne- Impala Platinum (i-Implats) yizona zivelisi zikhulu kakhulu zeplatinum .
Izicelo
Isitrato esenziwe ngumhlaba wonke wonyaka wee-192 tons, iplatinum ifunyenwe, kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu kwimveliso yezinto ezininzi zansuku zonke.
Ukusetyenziswa okukhulu kunabo bonke, kubalwa malunga ne-40% yemfuno, yinkampani yeebhondi apho ixhomekeke ngokuyinhloko kwi-alloy eyenza igolide elimhlophe. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ngaphezu kwama-40% omdaka womtshato athengiswayo e-US aqukethe iplatinum. I-USA, iChina, iJapan kunye ne-Indiya yizona zimarike ezinkulu kwi-platinum jewelry.
Ukuxhatshazwa kwePlatinum kunye nokuzinza kweqondo lokumgangatho ophezulu kwenza ukuba kube lula njengento eyakhayo ekusebenzeni kwamakhemikhali. IziCatalysts zikhawulezisa ukuphendula kweekhemikhali ngaphandle kokuba zitshintshwe ngokwamachiza kwinkqubo.
Isicelo esikhulu sePlatinum kweli candelo, kubalwa malunga ne-37% yesigxina semfuno yesinyithi, i-converts catalytic kwimoto. Abaguquleli beCatalytes banciphisa iikhemikhali ezinobungozi ekukhupheleni ukukhupha ngokuvelisa iimpendulo eziphendulela ngaphezu kwama-90% ama-hydrocarboni (i-carbon monoxide kunye ne-oxide ye-nitrojeni) kwezinye izinto, ezingekho nengozi, izixhobo.
I-Platinum isetyenziselwa ukukhupha i-nitric acid kunye ne-petroli; ukwandisa amazinga octane kumbane.
Kwimveliso yecomputer, iiplatinum crucibles zisetyenziselwa ukwenza i-crypals ye-semiconductor yama-lasers, ngelixa i-alloys isetyenziselwa ukwenza iidiski zamaganeti kwiimoto ezikhuni zekhomputha kunye nokutshintshana nabafowunelwa kwiimoto zokulawula.
Imfuno evela kwiinkampani zonyango ikhula njengeplatinum isetyenziselwa zombini iipropatide ze-pacemakers, kunye nezimpembelelo zengqondo kunye ne-retinal, kunye nezakhiwo zayo zokulwa nomhlaza kwizonyango (umzekelo, carboplatin kunye ne-cisplatin).
Ngezantsi uluhlu lwezinye ezininzi izicelo zeplatinum:
- Nge rhodium, esetyenziselwa ukwenza i-thermocouples ephezulu
- Ukwenza i-optically clean, iglasi ephathekayo yeTV, ii-LCD, kunye nabagadi
- Ukwenza intambo yeglasi ye fiber optics
- Kwii-alloys ezisetyenziselwa ukudala izicwangciso ze-autark and aeronautic spark plugs
- Njengoko kufaka indawo yegolide ekudibeneyo kwikhompyutha
- Ngokugaya ii-capacitor zekheram kwiixhobo zobugcisa
- Kwimihlaba ephezulu yokushisa i-jet fuel nozzles kunye neepompo zeempumlo zeempumlo
- Ukufakelwa kwamazinyo
- Ukwenza izandi zomgangatho ophezulu
- Kwi-smoke kunye ne-carbon monoxide detectors
- Ukwenza i-silicones
- Ngeengubo zokurhoxisa
Imithombo:
UMthi, uIan. 2004. IPlatinum . Iincwadi zeBenmarkmark (eNew York).
I-International Platinum Group Metals Association (IPA).
Umthombo: http://ipa-news.com/
I-USGS: i-Platinum Group Metals.
Umthombo: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/