I-Minor Metal eyenza iiLight LED zikhanya
Iipropati:
- I-Atomic Symbol: Ga
- Inomic Number: 31
- Udidi lwe-Element: I-post-transition iron
- Ubunzima: 5.91 g / cm³ (ngo-73 ° F / 23 ° C)
- I-Melting Point: 85.58 ° F (29.76 ° C)
- Indawo yokubilisa: 3999 ° F (2204 ° C)
- Ubunzima bukaMoh: 1.5
Iimpawu:
I-gallium echanekileyo i-silvery-white and melts at temperatures under 85 ° F (29.4 ° C).
Isinyithi sihlala kwindawo echithekileyo ukuya kutsho malunga no-4000 ° F (2204 ° C), ukunika inxalenye enkulu yamanzi kuyo zonke izinto zetsimbi.
I-Gallium yenye yezinto ezincinci ezimbalwa ezithe gqiphisa njengoko zipholile, zanda ngevolumu ngokucwangcisa ngaphezu kwe-3%.
Nangona i-gallium i-alloys elula kunye nezinye izinyithi, iyonakalisa , idibanisa kwi-lattice yayo, kwaye iyanciphisa insimbi. Kodwa i-low melting point, ke, yenza kube luncedo kwezinye i-alt e-melt ephantsi.
Ngokuchasene ne- mercury , eyona yimbiza emkhatsini weqondo lokushisa, i-gallium ihamba kunye neeklasi kunye neglasi, okwenza kube nzima ukuyenza. I-Gallium ayifanele ibe yinto enetyhefu njenge-mercury.
Imbali:
Efunyenwe ngo-1875 nguPaul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran ngelixa ehlola i-ore sphalerite, i-gallium ayisetyenziswanga nakweyiphi na imisebenzi yokuthengisa kuze kube yincinci yokugqibela yekhulu lama-20.
I-Gallium ayisebenzisi kangangoko njengesiseko sakhiwo, kodwa ukubaluleka kwayo kwiixhobo ezininzi zedijithali zanamhlanje azikwazi ukuhlaziywa.
Ukusetyenziswa kwezentengiso ze-gallium eziphuhlisiwe ukususela ekuqaleni kophando malunga nee-diode zokukhanya ezikhanyayo (ii-LED) kunye ne-III-V ye-re-frequency (RF) ye-technictor semiconductor, eyaqala ekuqaleni kwawo-1950.
Ngowe-1962, uphando lwe-IBM we-IBM ucwaningo lwe-gallium arsenide (GaAs) lukhokelela ekufumaneni ukunyuka kwe-frequency frequency yamandla kagesi ehamba ngeendlela ezithile ze-semiconducting solids-ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Gunn Effect." Olu phuhliso luvule indlela yokufumana i-detnors yokuqala yamasosha ekwakhiwa kwee-Gunn diodes (eyaziwa nangokuthi zixhobo zokudlulisa i-electron) eziye zazisetyenziswa kwizixhobo ezizenzekelayo, ezivela kwiimoto zogcina imoto kunye nabalawuli bezibonakaliso zokunyusa ama-alarm detectors kunye ne-alarms alarm.
Ii-LED zokuqala kunye neelers ezisekelwe kwi-GaAs zaveliswa ekuqaleni kwawo-1960 ngabaphengululi be-RCA, i-GE ne-IBM.
Ekuqaleni, ii-LED zaziyokwazi ukuvelisa ukukhanya okungabonakaliyo kwezibane, ukunciphisa izibane kwiisenzi kunye nezicelo ze-photo-electronic. Kodwa kubonakala ukuba amandla abo njengemithombo yokukhanya emacinci yamandla ebonakalayo.
Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1960, ii-Texas Instruments zaqalisa ukunikela nge-LED zorhwebo. Ngama-1970, iinkqubo zokubonisa i-digital zakuqala, ezisetyenziselwa ukubukela kunye nokubonisa izixhobo zokubala, zakhawuleza ziphuhliswe ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zokukhanyisa i-LED.
Uphando olongezelelweyo kwiminyaka ye-1970 kunye neye-1980 lukhokelela ekusebenziseni ubuchule obuninzi bokubeka imali, okwenza iteknoloji ye-LED ithembeke ngakumbi kwaye ixabise imali. Ukuphuhlisa i-gallium-aluminium-arsenic (GaAlAs) i-semiconductor compounds yabangela ama-LED ayenamaxesha angama-10 aqaqambile kunaphambilini, ngelixa umbala wemibala ufumaneke kwi-LED kwakhona uphambili ngokusekelwe kwi-substrates entsha, efana ne-indium -gallium-nitride (InGaN), i-gallium-arsenide-phosphide (GaAsP) kunye ne-gallium-phosphide (GaP).
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1960, iipropati ze-GaAs eziqhutywayo nazo ziphandwa njengenxalenye yemithombo yamandla yelanga yokuhlola indawo. Ngowe-1970, iqela lophando lweSoviet lenza i-first-phase GaAs heterostructure zelanga zeseli.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekuveliseni amadivaysi optoelectronic kunye neesekethe ezidibeneyo (ii-ICs), imfuno ye-GaAs wafers yanyuka ngasekupheleni kwee-1990 kunye nokuqala kwekhulu lama-21 ekuhambisaneni nokuphuhliswa koxhulumaniso oluphathekayo kunye nobuchwepheshe bombane.
Akumangalisi ukuba ekuphenduleni le mfuno ekhulayo, phakathi kwe-2000 neyoku-2011 yokuvelisa i-gallium eyimpumelelo yomhlaba ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabini ukusuka kuma-toni ayi-100 (MT) ngonyaka ukuya kwi-300MT.
U ku velisa:
Umlinganiselo wemilinganiselo ye-gallium kwisantya somhlaba uqikelelwa ukuba malunga neenxalenye ezili-15 kwisigidi, ngokufanayo kufana ne-lithium kunye nokuqhelekileyo kunokukhokela . Isitye, nokho, isasazeka kakhulu kwaye sikhona kwimibutho embalwa yezoqoqosho.
I-90% yazo zonke i-gallium eziphambili ezikhutshwayo ngoku zikhishwe kwi-bauxite ngexesha lokucocwa kwe-alumina (Al2O3), i-precursor aluminium .
Inani elincinci le-gallium liveliswa njenge-by-product ye- zinc extraction ngexesha lokucoca nge-ore sphalerite.
Ngethuba le-Bayer Inkqubo yokucoca i-aluminium ore kwi-alumina, i-ore ecikiweyo ihlanjwe ngesisombululo esishushu se-sodium hydroxide (i-NaOH). Oku kuguqula i-alumina kwi-sodium aluminate, ehlala kwiitanki ngelixa i-sodium hydroxide yotywala ekhoyo ngoku iqulethe i-gallium iqokelelwe ukusetyenziswa kwakhona.
Ngenxa yokuba lotywala usetyenziswe kwakhona, umxholo we-gallium ukwanda emva komjikelezo ngamnye uze ufike kwizinga elimalunga ne-100-125ppm. Umxube ungathathwa kwaye ugxilwe njenge-gallate ngokusebenzisa i-solvent extraction usebenzisa i-agent chelating agents.
Kwibhati ye-electrolytic kumaqondo okushisa ka-104-140 ° F (40-60 ° C), i-sodium gallate iyaguqulwa ibe yi-gallium engcolileyo. Emva kokuhlamba nge-asidi, oku kuya kuhlanjululwa ngamapulangwe okanye iiglasi zeplastiki zokudala i-99.9-99.99% ye-metal gallium.
I-99.99% yi-grade preursor grade ye-GaAs, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwintswelo kufuna ukuhlambululeka okuphezulu okunokufezekiswa ngokutshisa insimbi phantsi kokucoca ukususa izinto ezinokuzenzekelayo okanye ukuhlanjululwa kwe-electrochemical kunye neendlela zokwenza i-crystallization.
Kule minyaka elishumi edlulileyo, ubuninzi bezinto eziphambili ze-gallium ezisehlabathini ziye zafudukela eChina ezibonelela nge-70% ye-gallium yehlabathi. Ezinye iintlanga eziveliswayo ziquka i-Ukraine kunye neKazakhstan.
Phantse i-30% yemveliso ye-gallium yonyaka ikhutshwe kwizinto eziphathekayo kunye nezixhobo ezinokuphinda zenziwe kwakhona ezifana ne-GaAs-containing containing CF. Ininzi ye-gallium yokuphinda isetyenziswe kwenzeka eJapan, eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu.
I-Geological Survey yase-US iqikelele ukuba i-310MT ye-gallium ecocekileyo yenziwa ngo-2011.
Abavelisi abakhulu behlabathi baquka iZhuhai Fangyuan, i-Beijing Jiya Semiconductor Materials, kunye ne-Recapture Metals Ltd.
Izicelo:
Xa i-gallium edibeneyo iyancipha okanye iyenze isinyithi njengensimbi enqabileyo . Olu hlobo, kunye neqondo lokushisa eliphantsi kakhulu, lithetha ukuba i-gallium ayisebenzisi kakuhle kwizicelo zesakhiwo.
Kwifomu yayo ye-metalli, i-gallium isetyenziselwa abathengisi kunye ne-alloys ephantsi e-melt, njenge- Galinstan ®, kodwa ifunyanwa ngokubanzi kwizinto zokugcina iimpahla.
Izicelo eziphambili zeGallium zingafakwa ngamaqela amahlanu:
I-Semiconductors: I-Accounting malunga ne-70% yokusetyenziswa kwe-gallium yonyaka, i-GaAs iifayile ziyi-backbone zezixhobo ezininzi zobugcisa zanamhlanje, ezifana ne-smartphones kunye nezinye izixhobo zonxibelelwano ezingenazintambo ezithembela kwi-power saving and capacity amplification ye-GaAs ICs.
2. Ukukhanya kwe-Light Emitting Diodes (ii-LED): Ukususela ngo-2010, imfuno yehlabathi jikelele ye-gallium evela kwi-LED iye yaphindwa kabili, ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwama-LED ekukhanyeni okuphezulu kwiiskrini eziphathekayo neziphathekayo. Ukunyuka kwehlabathi jikelele ekusebenzeni kwamandla amakhulu kunakhokelela ekunikeni inkxaso karhulumente malunga nokukhanya kwe-LED phezu kwe-incandescent kunye nokukhanyisa okukhanyayo.
3. I-energy solar: Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Gallium kwizicelo zamandla zelanga kugxilwe kwiikhompyutha ezimbini:
- I-GaAs concentrator zelanga zisele
- I-Cadmium-indium-gallium-selenide (i-CIGS) iiseli zeefilimu ezincinci zelanga
Njengamaseli e-photovoltaic esebenzayo, zombini ubuchwepheshe buye baphumelela kwizicelo ezizodwa, ngokukodwa ezinxulumene ne-aerospace kunye nempi yamasosha kodwa zijongene nemingcipheko ekusebenziseni ukuthengisa okukhulu.
4. Izinto eziphathekayo: Amandla amakhulu, amatshini asisigxina yinkqutyana ebalulekileyo yeekhomputha, iimoto ezihlambulukileyo, izithuthi zomoya kunye nezinye izixhobo zesekhompyutheni nezizenzekelayo. Izongezo ezincinci ze-gallium zisetyenziswe kwezinye iimakethe ezitshatyalalisiweyo, eziquka i-neodymium- iron- boron (NdFeB) magnet.
Ezinye izicelo:
- Iinkonzo ezikhethekileyo kunye nabathengisi
- Izibuko ezimanzi
- I-plutonium njenge-stabilizer ye nyukliya
- I-nickel- manganese -gallium imemori yokukhumbula imo
- I-petroleum catalyst
- Izicelo ze-biomedical, ezibandakanya amayeza (i-gallium nitrate)
- Phosphors
- Ukufumanisa i-neutrino
Imithombo:
Softpedia. Imbali yama-LED (ii-Diode zokuKhanya eziKhanya).
Umthombo: https://web.archive.org/web/20130325193932/http://gadgets.softpedia.com/news/History-of-LEDs-Light-Emitting-Diodes-1487-01.html
U-Anthony John Downs, (1993), "iKhemistry yaseAluminium, i-Gallium, i-Indium neThallium." Springer, ISBN 978-0-7514-0103-5
Barratt, uC Curtis A. "I-III-V i-Semiconductors, iMbali kwizicelo ze-RF." ECS Trans . 2009, uMqulu 19, iNqaku 3, iphepha 79-84.
Schubert, E. Fred. Izidididi zokukhanya . Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, eNew York. Meyi 2003.
USGS. Iimveliso zeMineral Summaries: Gallium.
Umthombo: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/gallium/index.html
SM Report. Iimveliso zeMveliso: iAluminium-Gallium Relationship .
I-URL: www.strategic-metal.typepad.com