Iipropati
- I-Atomic Symbol: Pb
- Inomic Number: 82
- Ubuninzi be-Atomic: 207.2 amu
- I-Melting Point: 327.5 ° C (600.65 K, 621.5 ° F)
- Indawo yokubilisa: 1740.0 ° C (2013.15 K, 3164.0 ° F)
- Ubunzima: 11.36 g / cm 3
Imbali
AmaYiputa aseMandulo ayengowokuqala ukukhupha umkhokelo, owawuthetha ukwenza imifanekiso emancinci.
Izixhobo zokukhokela zifunyenwe kwiimbumba zaseYiputa. E-China, ukhokelo lwasetyenziselwa ukwenza i-2000BC.
AmaGrike ayengowokuqala ukuba aqaphele iipropati zokuxhatshazwa kwe-corrosion kunye nokukhokela ukusetyenziswa njengekhuselo elikhuselekileyo kwiinqanawa zemikhosi (isicelo esikhokelela ekusebenziseni izixhobo zisasetyenziswa nanamhla). AmaRoma, ngoko ke, aqala ukukhupha ubuninzi bokukhokela kwiinkqubo zamanzi ezahlukileyo.
Ngenkulungwane yokuqala ye-AD, kukholelwa ukuba ukuveliswa kweRoma kwakukho iitoni ezingama-80 000 ngonyaka. Amashishini okhokelo asetyenziselwa ukulayina ibhafu, ngelixa iipilisi zokukhokela zenziwe ngokufaka izibhengezo zetsimbi yentsimbi ngaphantsi kwendonga kunye nokuxubha imida. Ukubethelwa kwepilisi, eyasetyenziswa de ukuya kwekhulu lama-20, yanceda ekukhuseleni ukulwa ne- corrosion , kodwa nayo yabangela ukutyhefuza kwebhola.
Ngama-Middle Ages, inkokheli yayisetyenziswe njengezinto zokuphahla kwiindawo ezithile zaseYurophu ngenxa yokuchasana nomlilo.
Enyanisweni, iWestminster Abbey kunye neSt. Paul's Cathedral eLondon iholele ukuphahla okubuyela kumakhulu eminyaka. Kamva, i-pewter (i- alloy of tin and lead) yayisetyenziselwa ukwenza iigs, iplates, kunye nokusika.
Ukulandela ukuphuhliswa kwezibhamu, ukuxinwa kwezinto eziphezulu kwikhokelo kwachongwa njengento efanelekileyo yeebhola-okanye iphambili yokutshiza.
Inkquthela yombhobho yaqala ukuveliswa ngekhulu le-17 ngokuvumela ukuba amaconsi aphethwe ngamanzi awele emanzini apho aya kuzinza khona.
U ku velisa
Phantse kwisiqingatha sazo zonke izikhokelo eziveliswa ngonyaka ngamnye zivela kwizinto eziphinda zenziwe kwakhona, oko kuthetha ukuba ukukhokela kunomlinganiselo ophezulu wokubuyisela kwakhona zonke izinto ezisetyenziswa ngokufanayo namhlanje. Ngo-2008, ukuveliswa kwemveliso yehlabathi kwinqanaba elingu-8 yezigidi.
Abakhiqizi abakhulu bezona zikhokelo zimbiwa yiChina, i-Australia kunye ne-USA, ngoxa abavelisi abakhulu be-recycled lead are the USA, China, naseJamani. I-China yedwa ibhalwa malunga neepesenti ezingama-60 zazo zonke iimveliso ezikhokelayo.
I-ore ebaluleke kakhulu kwezoqoqosho ibizwa ngokuba yi-galena. I-Galena iqukethe i-sulfide ehamba phambili (PbS), kunye ne- zinc nesiliva, zonke ezo zinokukhishwa kwaye zihlanjululwe ukuvelisa izitye. Ezinye iingubo ezichitshiweyo zokuhamba ziquka i-anglesite kunye ne-cerussite.
Inxalenye enkulu (malunga neepesenti ezingama-90) yazo zonke izikhokelo isetyenzisiweyo kwiibhetri ze-lead-acid, iipiliti zokuhamba kunye nezinye izicelo zetsimbi eziphindaphinda kwakhona. Ngenxa yoko, malunga nezigidi ezi-5 zeetoni zokukhokela (okanye iipesenti ezingama-60 yazo zonke iimveliso) zaveliswa kwizinto ezenziwe ngokutsha ngo-2009.
Izicelo
Isicelo esona sikhokelo sokuqhubela phambili siyaqhubeka sinobhetri e-lead acid, e-akhawunti engama-80 ekhulwini kwintsimbi.
Iibhetri ze-acid eziphambili zilungele zonke iindidi zezithuthi ngenxa yenani elikhulu lamandla-kuya kwesisindo, esivumela ukuba banikezele imilambo ephakamileyo ephakamileyo efunwa yimoto yokuqalisa imoto.
Ukuqhubela phambili kwi-battery-acid acid ukutshatyalaliswa / ukujikelezwa kwezinto eziye kwazenza ezi zikhoyo njengezitshixo zokugcina amandla ombane kwizibhedlele kunye nezixhobo zeekhompyutheni, kunye neenkqubo ze-alarm. Ziye zisetyenziselwa njengemaseli okugcina kwimithombo yamandla avuselelekayo, afana ne-wind turbines kunye neeseli zelanga.
Nangona ucoceko olucocekileyo lusebenza kakhulu, iikhompyutheni zokuhamba, ezifana ne-oxide ye-lead, zinokuthi zizinzile, zibenze zibe zifanelekileyo njengezithako zokugubungela i-iron and steel. Izambatho zokukhokela zisetyenziselwa ukukhusela iinqanawa zeemikhombe, ngelixa i-stabilizers and strozers isetyenziselwa ukukhusela amandla angaphantsi kwamanzi kunye nocingo.
Izalathisi zezikhokelo zisasetyenziselwa kwezinye iibhola kwaye, ngenxa yenkqutyana ye-metal melting, kubathengisi bensimbi. Iiglasi ezihamba phambili zinezicelo ezikhethekileyo kwiilensi zekhamera kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza, ngelixa i-crystal ehamba phambili, equle ukuya kuma-36 ekhulwini kwikhokelo, isetyenziselwa ukudala iziqwenga zokuhlobisa. Ezinye iikhompyutheni eziphambili zisasetyenziswa kwezinye iingubo zepeyinti, kunye nemifuno kunye nemisebenzi yomlilo.
Utyhefu
Kule minyaka engama-40 edlulileyo, ukuqonda okukhulu ngemiphumo emibi yezempilo kubangele amazwe amaninzi avalwe ezininzi zeemveliso. I-fuel lead, eyasetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwikhulu lama-20, ngoku ivinjelwe kumazwe amaninzi athuthukileyo. Ukukhutshwa okufanayo kufana neepalini ezinobumba be-pigment, ukuloba ukuloba, kunye nokuqhuma kwebhodi.
Iingxelo:
Street Street, Arthur. Kunye no-Alexander, WO-1944. Amanzi kwiNkonzo yoMntu . Udidi lwe-11 (1998).
Watts, uSusan. 2002. Ukhokelo . Amabhuku eBenmark.