Fumana ulwazi kwi-Properties Properties, Iinkcukacha kunye nezicelo
I-Palladium iyinsimbi enqabileyo, engabonakaliyo, e-white-silvery-white that is valued for properties and catalytic properties and shares many of the characteristics of the common metal platinum (PGM). Nangona iphakamileyo yesinyithi, iphuzu le-palladium kunye nokuxinwa kwezona zinto ziphantsi kwePGMs.
Iipropati:
- I-Atomic Symbol: Pd
- Inomic Number: 46
- Udidi lwe-Element: Utshintsho lwesimbi
- Ubuninzi: 12.02 g / cm³
- I-Melting Point: 2830 ° F (1554 ° C)
- Indawo yokubilisa: 5365 ° F (2963 ° C)
- Ubunzima bukaMoh: 4.75
Iimpawu
I-Palladium, enjengeplatinum, inqabana kakhulu ne-oxidation kunye ne- corrosion kwaye inezixhobo ezinokubaluleka. Oku kubangelwa kukuba i-palladium ine-engavamile - kwaye inqabileyo-ukukwazi ukufumana igesi ye-hydrogen ngesantya samaxesha angama-900. I-soft and ductile xa ihlanjululwe , i-palladium ikhula ngamandla kunye nobunzima xa kuqhotyoshulwa. I-Palladium ibuye isigxina kwaye iqhube kakuhle, eyenza ibe luncedo kwizicelo kwi-electronics industry.
Imbali
Ngo-1803, uWilliam Hyde Wollaston wakwazi ukuhlukanisa i-palladium ukusuka kwamanye ama-PGM ngokuphelisa i-platinum ore kwi-aqua regia (i-hydrochloric ne-nitric acid) umxube kunye ne-ammonium chloride kunye nentsimbi . Nangona kunjalo, kwakungekho zicelo zentengiso ye palladium de kube ngekhulu lama-20.
Enye yezicelo zokuqala ezikhethekileyo ze-palladium, eqhubekayo, yayinokuphuhlisa iifoto zephoto.
Inkqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi 'iplatinotype', engayisebenzisa i-platinum okanye i-palladium, yayisetyenziswa ekuqaleni kwexesha le-18 leminyaka.
Kodwa i-palladium, njengazo zonke i-PGM, yayingavinjelwa ubunqunu bayo kunye nexabiso eliphezulu. Le nto yaqala ukutshintsha emva kokufunyanwa kwezitolo ezinkulu zeesinyithi zafunyanwa eMzantsi Afrika kuma-1920 kunye neCanada kuma-1930.
Kungekudala emva koko, i-palladium ne-platinum yaqala ukusetyenziswa kuma- alloys yamazinyo.
Ngama-1960, uphando olwenziwe kwiiplatinum kunye neepalladium zakhiwo zenza ukuba izicelo ezintsha zenzeke kwiikhemikhali, kubandakanywa ukuvelisa i-polyester kunye nokuqhaqha kwamanzi.
Kodwa ukuphumelela okukhulu kwe-palladium, nangona kunjalo, kwafika ngo-1970 xa imilinganiselo yokukhutshwa kwezimoto ephunyeziwe e-USA. Imfuno ye palladium yanda ngokukhawuleza. Ikhono likaPalladium lokufumana i-carbon monoxide kunye nokucoca i-hydrogen lenze ukuba luhlangene nabaguquleli be-autos catalytic.
Ukukhula kwenzalo kwi-palladium njengethuluzi lokutyalomali liye lakhokelela ekutshintshisweni ngemali yokuthengisa, exhaswa yi-palladium yezinto eziphathekayo, ezithengiswa kwiLondon naseNew York Stock Exchange. Ixesha elizayo lePalladium lithengiswa kwiNew York Mercantile Exchange kunye ne-palladium bullion yile enye yeesinyithi ezine ukuba ibe nekhowudi yemali ye-ISO (enye igolide, isilivere kunye ne-platinum).
U ku velisa
I-palladium ihlala ifunyenwe kunye namanye amaPGM. I-PMGs ngokwemvelo zenzeke kwiipasiti ezifakwe kwiitye ezifana ne-dunite, i-chromite, ne-norite. Kwinkqubo yaseBlueveld yaseMzantsi Afrika kunye nenani elincinci leminye imizimba ye-ore, ii-PGM zenzeka ngokwaneleyo ukwenzela ukuba zenze uqoqosho ukuze zikhishwe kuphela ezi zinyithi; kanti, e-Norilsk yaseRashiya naseCanada yaseSudbury ibeka i-palladium kunye nezinye i-PGM zichithwa njengeemveliso ze- nickel kunye nobhedu .
I-palladium equkethe i-ores iqala ukuchotshozwa kwaye igxininiswe kumanzi asebenzayo; inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi 'froth flotation'.
Izicelo
Ukuthengiswa kwe-palladium yehlabathi jikelele kuqikelelwe ukuba yi-300,000kgs (660,000lbs) ngo-2010. I-autocatalysts iyona sicelo esikhulu kwisitye, esibalwa ngokulinganiselwa kuma-57% we-palladium ngo-2010.
Ezinye iindlela ezisetyenziswayo ekupheleni kweelladium ziquka (i-pesenti yokusetyenziswa kwehlabathi jikelele):
- candelo lombane (15%)
- utyalo-mali (11%)
- ubucwebe (6.5%)
- ii-alloys zamazinyo (6%)
- iikhemikhali (4%).
Abanye baqikelela inani leemoto ezisebenzayo emhlabeni wonke ukuba zibe malunga nezigidi ezingama-450. Ukulawulwa kweemiphumo ezikhulayo kuncike kuma-autocatalyst ukunciphisa i-carbon monoxide, i-sulfur dioxide kunye nama-hydrocarboni. I-palladium inendima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo ngokukhupha iikhabhoni ngaphambi kokuba iphelile.
I-Palladium isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiikhompyutheni ngaphakathi kwe-capacitor cereamic capacitors (MLCC), enceda ukulawula ukuhamba kwezinto ezikhoyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesiphaluka ngokugcina nokukhupha umrhumo njengoko kufuneka. I-MLCC idla ngokusetyenziswa nge-palladium okanye i-alloy palladium nesilivere. Inani elincinci le-palladium lisetyenziselwa kwizijikelezo ezihlanganisiweyo ze-hybrid kunye nezinto zokucoca.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-palladium kwimboni yamazinyo kuyinto entsha kwaye ihlalutya ngokuxhomekeka kwixabiso elithengiweyo legolide, iplatinum kunye ne-palladium. I-Palladium idibene negolide okanye isiliva, ithusi kunye ne- zinc ukuze ibe ngama-inlays, ama-crowns kunye namabhuloho. Ukufakwa kwe-PGM kukunyusa amandla kunye nokuzinza ngelixa lihlala lingenakulungiswa .
I-Palladium inokuthi ithathe indawo njengengxowankulu yezomnotho yeplatinum kwizinto ezizisebenzisayo ukuvelisa iintlobo zeekhemikhali, ngokukodwa, iipende, i-adhesives, i-fibers kunye neengubo. I-palladium catchment gauzes, equlethwe yintambo yokucoca i-wire, i-filter filter igqitha kwaye isetyenziselwa ukwenza i-nitric acid.
Ezinye izinto ze palladium zifumaneka kwi:
- Iifelesi ze-Fuel (ukutsalwa kwe-hydrogen)
- Ukuveliswa kwamafutha e-Ethanol (inkqubo yeWacker)
- Zemali
- Ukucoca ii-oyile (ukuguqulwa kwe-catalytic kunye ne-hydroprocessing)
- I-Polyester (kwimveliso ye-terephthalic acid, e-PTA)
- Umfanekiso (iPlatotype Process)
- Unyango lwamanzi
- Amachiza (palladium -103)
Imithombo:
Idatha yePGM. Johnson Matthey plc. http://www.pgmdatabase.com/jmpgm/index.jsp
I-International Platinum Group Metals Association (IPA).
http://www.ipa-news.com/
I-Geological Survey yase-US. Yonyaka Yamaminerali: I-Platinum-Group Metals (2010) kunye neNgcaciso yeMpahla yeeMveliso (2012).
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/
Stillwater Palladium. I-Palladium: Insimbi yeli-21 leminyaka .
http://www.stillwaterpalladium.com/index.html
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