Iipropati
- I-Atomic Symbol: Fe
- Inomic Number: 26
- Udidi lwe-Element: iTransition Metal
- Ubunzima: 7.874g / cm 3
- I-Melting Point: 2800 ° F (1538 ° C)
- Indawo yokubilisa: 5182 ° F (2862 ° C)
- Ubunzima bukaMoh: 4
Iimpawu
Isinyithi echanileyo yinyithi enesiliva esenza ukushisa nombane kakuhle.
Insimbi iyasebenza kakhulu ukuba ibe yodwa yodwa nje ivela ngokwemvelo kwintsikelelo yomhlaba njenge-iron ores, efana ne-hematite, i-magnetite, kunye ne-siderite.
Esinye sezibonakaliso zentsimbi kukuba i- magnetic ngamandla. Ukubonakaliswa kwintsimi yamandla enamandla, naliphi na isincinci yesinyithi esinokumatshini. Iingcali zenzululwazi zikholelwa ukuba i-core core yomhlaba yenziwe nge-90% yentsimbi. Amandla ombane avezwa yile ntsimbi yintoni eyenza izibonda zaseMntla kunye neMzantsi.
Imbali
Intsimbi yayifumaneka ekuqaleni kwaye ikhutshwe ngenxa yeengqithi ezivuthayo phezu kwe-ores ene-iron. Ikhabhoni ngaphakathi kwokhuni yayiya kuthatha i-oksijeni kwi-ore, ishiye isinyithi esithambileyo, esingenakunyusa . I-Iron kunye nokusetyenziswa kwesinyithi ukwenza izixhobo kunye nezixhobo zaqala eMesopotamiya (i-Iraq yanamhlanje) phakathi kwe-2700 no-3000 BC. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-2000 elandelayo, ulwazi lwe-iron smelting nolwazi lwasempuma ukuya eYurophu naku-Afrika ngexesha elibizwa ngokuba yi-Iron Age.
Ukususela ngekhulu le-17 ukuya kwinqanaba le-19, kwanexesha elide ukuvelisa insimbi, kwafunyaniswa isinyithi njengento eyakhiweyo yokwenza iinqanawa, amabhuloho kunye nezakhiwo. I-Eiffel Tower, eyakhiwe ngo-1889, yenziwe isebenzisa ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-7 zeekhilogram zesinyithi esenziwe.
Ukugqithisa
Inkalo yeyona nkxalabo yenkxaso yintsimbi yayo yinto yokukhanga.
I-rust (okanye i-ferric oxide) ibomvu, i-crumbly compound eveliswa xa isinyithi ichithwa kwi-oksijeni. Igesi ye-oksijeni equlethwe ngamanzi isantya kwenkqubo yokubola . Isantya sokugquma - ukuba i-iron yenziwe ngokukhawuleza ibe yi-ferric oxide-imiselwa ngumxholo we-oksijini wamanzi kunye nommandla wendawo. Amanzi atyuwa aqukethe i-oksijini engaphezulu kunamanzi aphelileyo, oko kutheni amanzi anetyuwa akhupha intsimbi ngokukhawuleza kunamanzi amanzi.
Ukugqithwa kunokuthintelwa ngokubhinqa isinyithi kunye nezinye izinyithi ezikhangela kakhulu i-oksijeni, njenge- zinc (inkqubo yokugaya i-iron kunye ne-zinc ibizwa ngokuthi 'i- galvanizing '). Nangona kunjalo, indlela efanelekileyo kakhulu yokukhusela ukugqithisa ukusetyenziswa kwensimbi.
Sensimbi
I-Steel yintsimbi yensimbi kunye nezinye izinyithi, ezisetyenziselwa ukuphucula iipropati (amandla, ukuxhathisa ukubola, ukunyamezela ukushisa njl njl) njensimbi. Ukutshintsha uhlobo kunye nemali yezinto ezifakwe ngentsimbi kunokuvelisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zensimbi.
Iinqununu eziqhelekileyo zilandelayo:
- Iibhendi zeCarbon, eziqulethe phakathi kwe-0.5-1.5% yekhabhoni. Lawa awona maqhekeza aqhelekileyo kwaye asetyenziselwa imizimba yeemoto, iinqanawa zokuthutha, imimese, oomatshini kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zenkxaso yesakhiwo.
- Izitishi ze-alloy eziphantsi, ezine-1-5% nezinye izinyithi (kaninzi i- nickel okanye i- tungsten ). Insimbi ye-Nickel inako ukumela amanqanaba aphezulu okuxhatshazwa kwaye, ngoko, isetyenziswe rhoqo ekwakhiweni kwamabhanti kunye nokwenza iinqwelo zebhayisikili. Izitishi ze-tungsten zigcina imilo yazo kunye namandla kwiindawo eziphezulu zokushisa kwaye zisetyenziselwa impembelelo, izicelo ezijikelezayo, ezifana nezitshini zokuganda.
- Amashishini ase-alloy aphezulu, anokuqulethe i-12-18% yezinye izinyithi zisetyenziswe kuphela kwizicelo ezizodwa ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu. Omnye umzekelo wensimbi ephezulu ye-alloy iyinsimbi engenasici, esoloko iqukethe i- chromium kunye ne-nickel, kodwa inokusetyenziswa kunye nezinye iindimbi ezahlukeneyo. Insimbi engenasici inamandla kakhulu kwaye inqabile kakhulu ukubola.
U ku velisa
Ininzi yesinyithi iveliswa kwii-ores ezifumaneka kufuphi nomhlaba. Amacandelo okucoca amashishini asetyenzisiweyo asebenzisa izikhuni ezifakwe kwiindawo ezinobumba obude. Isinyithi siyathululelwa kwisitya kunye ne-coke (i-carbon-rich rial) kunye ne-limestone (calcium carbonate). Ngamhla, i-iron ore ngokuqhelekileyo ihamba kwinkqubo yokumisa ngaphambi kokungena kwi-stack. Le nkqubo yenza iinqununu ze-ore eziphakathi kwe-10-25mm, ezixutywe kunye ne-coke kunye ne-limestone.
I-ore edibeneyo, i-coke kunye ne-limestone iya kuthunyelwa kwi-stack apho itshisa kwiqondo lokushisa lika-1800 ° C. I-Coke iyatshisa njengomthombo wokushisa kwaye, kunye ne-oksijini edutshulwe kwisithandweni somlilo, inceda ukwenza ukunciphisa i-carbon carbon monoxide. I-limestone ixuba kunye nokungcola kwintsimbi ukwenza i-slag. I-Slag ilula ngaphezu kweyure yensimbi etyhidiweyo, ngoko iphakama phezulu kwaye iyakususwa kalula. Isinyithi eshushu siyathululelwa kwisibhakabhaka ukuvelisa i-ngqayi yentsimbi okanye ilungiselelwe ngokuthe ngqo ukuveliswa kwesimbi.
I-iron yengxube iqulethe phakathi kwe-3.5-4.5% yekhabhoni, kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo, kwaye zinzima kwaye zisebenza nzima. Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ukungcola kwe-phosphorus nesulfure kwihagu yentsimbi ukwenzela ukuvelisa isinyithi. Insimbi eyenziwe, equle ngaphantsi kwe-0.25% ye-carbon, inzima, ingabonakaliyo kwaye idibene ngokulula, kodwa iyanzima kakhulu kwaye ixabisa ukuvelisa kune-low carbon steel.
Ngo-2010, ukuveliswa kwemveliso yensimbi ye-iron yayingama-tonneli angama-2.4 billion. I-China, umlimi omkhulu, i-37.5% yayo yonke imveliso, ngelixa amanye amazwe avelisayo aquka i-Australia, iBrazil, Indiya kunye neRashiya.
Izicelo
Intsimbi yakuba yinto eyona nto ibalulekileyo yakhiwo, kodwa sele ithatyathelwe indawo yensimbi ezininzi kwizicelo. Nangona kunjalo, isinyithi esisetyenzisiweyo sisasetyenziswe kwimibhobho kwaye senze iinqwelo zezimoto, ezinjengeentloko ze-cylinder, iiblokski kunye neemeko zeebhokisi. Isinyithi esenzileyo isasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izinto ze-decor decor home, ezifana ne-wine racks, i-candle holders, kunye neendwangu zokugcina.
Iingxelo
Street Street, Arthur. Kunye no-Alexander, WO-1944. Amanzi kwiNkonzo yoMntu . Udidi lwe-11 (1998).
I-International Pig Iron Iron Association.
Umthombo: www.pigiron.org.uk
USGS. Iinkcukacha zeMineral Summaries: Iron and Steel (2011).
Umthombo: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_&_steel