Iipropati:
- I-Atomic Symbol: Ni
- Inomic Number: 28
- Udidi lwe-Element: Utshintsho lwesimbi
- Ubunzima: 8.908 g / cm 3
- I-Melting Point: 2651 ° F (1455 ° C)
- Indawo yokubilisa: 5275 ° F (2913 ° C)
- Ubunzima bukaMoh: 4.0
Iimpawu:
I-nickel echanekileyo ithatha i-oksijini kwaye, ngoko ke, ayifumaneki kwiindawo zomhlaba, nangona ibe yintlanu yeyona nto ininzi kwizinto eziphilayo (nakwihlabathi). Ngokudibanisa nentsimbi , i-nickel iyomelele kakhulu, ecacisa zombini ukubonakala kwayo kwi-ores ene-iron kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo ngokufanelekileyo kunye nentsimbi ukwenza i-stainless steel.
I-nickel inamandla kakhulu kwaye ayixhatshazwa kukubola , eyenza ibe yinto efanelekileyo ekuqiniseni i- alloys zetsimbi. Kwakhona kakhulu i-ductile kunye ne- malleable , iipropati ezivumela ii-alloys ezininzi ukuba zenziwe ngocingo, iintonga, iibhubhu kunye namaphepha.
Imbali:
I-nickel echanekileyo yakhishwa kuqala nguBaron Axel Fredrik Cronstedt ngo-1751, kodwa yaziwa ngokuba ikhona ngaphambili. Amaxwebhu aseTshayina avela malunga ne-1500BC abhekisela 'kubhedu obumhlophe' ( baitong ), okubonakala ukuba yinto eneselki ye-nickel kunye nesilivere. Inkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo i-German miners, ababekholelwa ukuba banokukhipha ubhedu kwi-nickel ores eSaxony, ekubhekiswe kwintsimbi njengepfernickel - ' ubhedu bukaSathana ' ngenxa yenzame yabo yokuzama ukukhupha ithusi kwi-ore, kodwa mhlawumbi inxenye ngenxa iimpembelelo zempilo ezibangelwa yi-arsenic ephezulu kwi-ore.
Ngo-1889, uJames Riley wenza intetho kwi-Iron and Steel Institute yaseBrithani yaseBrithani malunga nendlela ukuqaliswa kwe-nickel kunokomeleza ngayo izitishi zendalo. Ingxelo kaRiley yabangela ukuqonda okukhulayo kwezakhiwo zokuncedisa i-nickel kwaye zihambelane nokufumanisa iiphoyinti ezinkulu ze-nickel eNew Caledonia naseCanada.
Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ukufunyanwa kwempahla ye-ore eRashiya kunye neMzantsi Afrika kwenza ukuveliswa kwe-nickel enkulu. Kungekudala emva koko, iMfazwe Yehlabathi I kunye neMfazwe Yehlabathi II yabangela ukwanda okwenziwe kwintsimbi kwaye, ngoko ke, imfuno ye-nickel.
U ku velisa:
I-nickel ngokuyinhloko ikhishwe kwi-nickel sulphides pentlandite, pyrrhotite, kunye ne-millerite, equle i-1% ye-nickel umxholo, kunye ne-ironitic ene-latitic ores i-limonite kunye ne-garnierite, equle i-4% ye-nickel. I-oyili ye-nickel ichithwe kumazwe angama-23, ngelixa i-nickel ithambile kumazwe ahlukeneyo angama-25.
Inkqubo yokuhlukanisa i-nickel ixhomekeke kakhulu kwihlobo le-ore. I-nickel sulphides, njengaleyo efumaneka kwiCanada Shield naseSiberia, ifunyanwa ngokubanzi phantsi komhlaba, eyenza ibenze nzima kwaye ixabise ukukhishwa. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yokwahlukana kwale mihlaba ixabiso elincinci kunokuba kukho iindidi ze-lateritic, ezifana nezo zifumaneka eNew Caledonia. Ngaphezu koko, i-nickel sulphides ihlala inenzuzo yokufumana ukungcola kwezinye izinto ezixabisekileyo ezizahlukana ngokwezoqoqosho.
I-orephide ores ingahlukaniswa ngokusebenzisa i-froth flotation kunye neenkqubo ze-hydrometallurgical okanye magnetic ukwenza i-nickel matte kunye ne-nickel oxide.
Ezi mveliso eziphakathi, eziqhelekileyo ziqulethe i-nickel engama-40-70%, iqhutyelwa phambili, ngokuqhelekileyo isebenzisa inkqubo yeSherritt-Gordon.
Inkqubo ye-Mond (okanye iCarbonyl) yindlela eqhelekileyo kunye nefanelekileyo yokuphatha i-nickel sulfide. Kule nqubo, i-sulphide iphathwa nge-hydrogen kwaye ifakwe kwisitya se-volatilization. Apha idibana nekhabhoni ye-carbon monoxide malunga ne-140F ° (60C ° ) ukwenza i-nickel carbonyl gas. I-nickel carbonyl igesi iyancipha kwi-nickel ngaphambi kokufudumala kweengxube ezityhutyha kwigumbi lokushisa ide zifikelele kwisayizi efunwayo. Emazingeni aphezulu aphezulu, le nkqubo ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza i-nickel powder.
I-Lateritic i-ores, ngokuchaseneyo, idla ngokubanjelwa ngeendlela zepro-metallic ngenxa yezinto eziphezulu zetsimbi. I-Lateritic ores nayo inomxholo ophezulu womswakama (35-40%) ofuna ukomisa kwisithando somlilo se-rotary.
Ivelisa i-nickel oxide, eyancitshiswa ngokusebenzisa iifubane zombane kumaqondo okushisa phakathi kwe-2480-2930 F ° (1360-1610 C °) kwaye yanyanzeliswa ukuvelisa i-Class I nickel yensimbi kunye ne-nickel sulfate.
Ngenxa yezinto ezisemgangathweni zentsimbi kwi-lateritic ores, umveliso wokugqibela wabasebenzi abaninzi abasebenzisa i-ore ferelickel, engasetyenziswa ngabavelisi bensimbi emva kokungcola kwe- silicon , i-carbon, ne-phosphorus.
Ngelizwe, abavelisi abakhulu be-nickel ngo-2010 babe yiRashiya, eKhanada, e-Australia nase-Indonesia. Abakhiqizi abakhulu be-nickel ecocekileyo yi-Norilsk Nickel, i-Vale SA kunye ne-Jinchuan Group Ltd. Njengamanje, ipesenti encinane ye-nickel iveliswa kwizinto eziphinda zenziwe kwakhona.
Izicelo:
I-Nickel yenye yezona zinyithi ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi. Ngokutsho kweNickel Institute, isitye isetyenziswe kwimveliso engaphezulu kwama-300,000. Ngokuqhelekileyo itholakala kwii- steels kunye ne-alloys zetsimbi, kodwa isetyenziswe kwimveliso yeebhetri kunye namagnethe angunaphakade .
Yenziwe ngentsimbi eshayinayo:
Phantse i-65% yazo zonke i-nickel eziveliswayo iya kwi- nsimbi engenasici .
Ama-steels ase- Austenitic angama-magnetic angenasinqatha angamaxabiso angenasiphelo esineziphezulu eziphezulu ze- chromium kunye ne-nickel, kunye namazinga aphantsi kwekhabhoni. Eli qela lamasheya-ahlelwe njenge-300 uchungechunge olungenasiphelo-axabiseke ngokukhangela kwabo kunye nokumelana nokubola. I-Austenitics yindawo ebanzi kakhulu esetyenzisiweyo yensimbi engenamatshini .
Uhlobo lwe-nickel olune-austenitic uluhlu lweentsimbi ezingenasici luchazwe ngumbuso we-crystal (ubuso beCCC) obunobuso, obunee-athomu enye kwikona nganye yecube kunye enye phakathi kobuso bomntu ngamnye. Isalathiso sakha xa i-nickel eyaneleyo yongezwa kwi-alloy (ezisibhozo ukuya kweyeshumi kwi- alloy-stainless steel alloy ).
Imithombo:
Street Street, Arthur. Kunye no-Alexander, WO-1944. Amanzi kwiNkonzo yoMntu . Udidi lwe-11 (1998).
USGS. Iimveliso zeMineral Summaries: Nickel (2011).
Umthombo: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/nickel/
Encyclopedia Britannica. Nickel.
Umthombo: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/414238/nickel-Ni
Iphrofayili yensimbi: i-nickel